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Fundamental Principles of Veterinary Anesthesia

Fundamental Principles of Veterinary Anesthesia

Fundamental Principles Of Veterinary Anesthesia

By Gareth E. Zeiler and Daniel S. J. Pang

Fundamental Principles of Veterinary Anesthesia is designed specifically for veterinary students, animal health technicians and veterinarians in general practice. The first edition of Fundamental Principles of Veterinary Anesthesia covers the key principles of veterinary anesthesia, encompassing a wide range of species, including dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and pigs, and establishing links between physiology, pharmacology, and clinical practice in healthy and ill patients.

This text serves as a practical guide for students to prepare themselves for clinical work in a private practice setting, and as a rich, practical resource for those in general practice.

This text is ideally used as a complete curriculum aligned resource, and the companion website is designed to decrease the burden of lecturers who need to compile PowerPoint presentations and review questions.

Features

  • Practical approaches to the peri-anesthetic period, from patient assessment, through to preparing for, and successfully completing, an anesthetic event
  • Anesthetic drugs available in an academic or private practice, with a focus on commonly used drugs
  • Components of the anesthetic machine, gas flow through the machine, how vaporizers work and their functionalities
  • Principles and techniques of patient monitoring, with a focus on commonly available devices and their applications

Table of Contents

Section 1: Foundational Knowledge

  1. Veterinary Anesthesia
  2. Patient Assessment, Planning, and Preparation
  3. Pain Physiology, Assessment, and Principles of Treatment
  4. Principles of Anesthetic Monitoring and Monitoring Equipment
  5. Inhalation Anesthetic Delivery Apparatus
  6. Introduction to Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy
  7. Injectable Drugs Used for Premedication, Induction, and Maintenance of General Anesthesia
  8. Inhalational Anesthetic Drugs
  9. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs, Local Anesthetic Drugs, and Adjunct Drugs Used for Pain Management
  10. Other Drugs Used During the Peri-anesthetic Period

Section 2: Fundamental Aspects of Clinical Anesthesia

  1. Standards of Practice for Performing Veterinary Anesthesia
  2. Approach to Healthy Dog and Cat Anesthesia and Analgesia, and Selected Disease Processes and Procedures
  3. Approach to Healthy Horse, Donkey, and Mule Anesthesia and Analgesia
  4. Anesthesia and Analgesia of Healthy Exotic Companion Mammals, Ruminants, and Pigs
  5. Approach to Neonatal, Pediatric, and Geriatric Patients
  6. Approach to a Patient in Shock
  7. Approach to a Patient with Cardiac Pathology
  8. Approach to a Patient with Respiratory Pathology
  9. Approach to a Patient with Renal, Urinary, or Hepatobiliary Disease
  10. Anesthetic Complications and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Appendices

  • Appendix 1: RECOVER CPR Algorithms
  • Appendix 2: RECOVER CPR Emergency Drug Dose Charts
  • Appendix 3: Checklists
  • Appendix 4: Peri-anesthetic Monitoring Sheets

Index

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Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology 8th Edition [PDF+Videos+Quizzes]

Thrall’s Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 8th edition PDF

Textbook Of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology, 8Th Edition Pdf

By Donald Thrall

Improve your radiographic interpretation skills, regardless of your level of experience with Textbook of Veterinary Diagnostic Radiology 8th Edition, your one-stop resource for understanding the principles of radiographic technique and interpretation for dogs, cats, and horses. Within this bestselling text, high-quality radiographic images accompany clear coverage of diagnostic radiology, ultrasound, MRI, and CT. User-friendly direction helps you develop essential skills in patient positioning, radiographic technique and safety measures, normal and abnormal anatomy, radiographic viewing and interpretation, and alternative imaging modalities. This edition has been thoroughly revised to include the latest advances in the field, expand the number of image examples, and include a new ebook with every new print purchase!

Features
  • UPDATED! User-friendly content helps you develop essential skills in patient positioning, radiographic technique and safety measures, normal and abnormal anatomy, radiographic viewing and interpretation, and alternative imaging modalities.
  • NEW! The latest digital imaging information helps you stay up to date with the latest advances in the field.
  • NEW! An ebook version, included with every new print purchase, provides access to all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. Also included are videos, quizzes, and additional image examples of the most common diseases.
  • UPDATED! Current coverage of the principles of radiographic technique and interpretation for the most seen species in private veterinary practices and veterinary teaching hospitals includes the cat, dog, and horse.
  • Coverage of special imaging procedures such as the esophagram, upper GI examination, excretory urography, and cystography, helps in determining when and how these procedures are performed in today’s practice.
  • Content on abdominal ultrasound imaging helps in deciding on a diagnostic plan and interpreting common ultrasound findings.
  • An atlas of normal radiographic anatomy in each section makes it easier to recognize abnormal radiographic findings.
  • High-quality radiographic images clarify key concepts and interpretation principles.
Table Of Contents
Section I: Physics and Principles of Interpretation

  1. Radiation Protection and Physics of Diagnostic Radiology
  2. Digital Radiographic Imaging
  3. Physics of Ultrasound Imaging
  4. Principles of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging
  5. Contrast Media in Diagnostic Imaging
  6. Radiographic Interpretation
  7. Errors and Pitfalls in Radiographic Interpretation

Section II: The Axial Skeleton (Canine, Feline, and Equine)

  1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Axial Skeleton
  2. Basic Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Axial Skeleton
  3. Canine and Feline Dental Disease
  4. The Skull and Nasal Cavities: Canine and Feline
  5. MRI and CT Features of Brain Disease in Small Animals
  6. The Equine Head
  7. Radiography and Myelography of the Canine and Feline Vertebrae
  8. MRI and CT Features of Canine and Feline Spinal Cord Disease

Section III: The Appendicular Skeleton (Canine, Feline, and Equine)

  1. Radiographic Anatomy of the Appendicular Skeleton
  2. Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Appendicular Skeleton
  3. Orthopedic Diseases of Young and Growing Dogs and Cats
  4. Fracture Healing and Complications
  5. Radiographic Signs of Joint Disease in Dogs and Cats
    21-27. Equine Appendicular Anatomy: Stifle, Tarsus, Carpus, Metacarpus/Metatarsus, Fetlock, Pastern, and Foot

Section IV: The Thoracic Cavity (Canine, Feline, and Equine)

  1. Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Thorax
  2. Canine and Feline Larynx and Trachea
  3. Pharynx, Esophageal Sphincter, and Esophagus
    31-36. Thoracic Structures: Wall, Diaphragm, Mediastinum, Pleural Space, Cardiovascular System, and Lung
  4. Equine Thorax

Section V: Abdominal Cavity (Canine and Feline)

  1. Principles of Radiographic Interpretation of the Abdomen
    39-44. Abdominal Structures: Peritoneal Space, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Ureters, Urinary Bladder, Prostate, and Reproductive Organs
    45-47. Gastrointestinal Tract: Stomach, Small Bowel, and Large Bowel

Index

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Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Toxicology, 3rd Edition

Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Toxicology, 3rd Edition

Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Toxicology, 3Rd Edition

By Lynn R. Hovda, Ahna G. Brutlag, Robert H. Poppenga and Steven E. Epstein

Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Toxicology is an essential resource for managing poisonings in dogs and cats. Using the familiar Five-Minute Veterinary Consult format, the book makes it quick and easy to find the crucial details for successfully managing toxicology cases in dog and cat patients. Toxins are listed alphabetically with key details in brief bullets, with clinical photographs depicting plants and other toxins for identification purposes.

Blackwell’s Five-Minute Veterinary Consult Clinical Companion: Small Animal Toxicology, 3rd Edition adds 11 new chapters, including pet food, CBD, gabapentin, and more, and 2 new appendices discussing anthelmintics and calculations.

Features
  • Makes it easy to locate and apply pertinent information in a time-sensitive poisoning situation
  • Presents toxins in alphabetical order for ease of use, with an index by clinical signs to help develop differential lists when the toxin isn’t known
  • Features clinical photographs to aid in identifying toxins
  • Emphasizes clinically relevant details for the most common toxins presenting in small animal practice
  • Adds 11 new chapters and 2 new appendices, plus expanded and updated information throughout
Table of Contents
Section 1 Clinical Toxicology

  • Chapter 1 Decontamination and Detoxification of the Poisoned Patient
  • Chapter 2 Emergency Management of the Poisoned Patient
  • Chapter 3 Antidotes and Other Useful Drugs
  • Chapter 4 Identification and Management of the Unknown Toxicant
  • Chapter 5 Laboratory Diagnostics for Toxicology
  • Chapter 6 Medico-legal Considerations for Companion Animal Practitioners
  • Chapter 7 Pet Food

Section 2 Specific Toxins and Toxicants

  • Alcohols and Glycol Ethers
    • Chapter 8 Alcohols
    • Chapter 9 Ethylene Glycol and Diethylene Glycol
    • Chapter 10 Propylene Glycol
  • Construction and Industrial Materials
    • Chapter 11 Glues and Adhesives
    • Chapter 12 Hydrocarbons
    • Chapter 13 Hydrofluoric Acid
  • Drugs: Human Prescription
    • Chapter 14 5-Fluorouracil
    • Chapter 15 Amphetamines
    • Chapter 16 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
    • Chapter 17 Antiseizure Medications (Lamotrigine, Phenobarbital, Others)
    • Chapter 18 Atypical Antipsychotics (Abilify® and Others)
    • Chapter 19 Baclofen
    • Chapter 20 Benzodiazepines
    • Chapter 21 Beta-2 Receptor Agonists (Albuterol and Others)
    • Chapter 22 Beta Receptor Antagonists (Beta-blockers)
    • Chapter 23 Calcipotriene/Calcipotriol
    • Chapter 24 Calcium Channel Blockers
    • Chapter 25 Colchicine
    • Chapter 26 Cyclosporine A
    • Chapter 27 Diuretics
    • Chapter 28 Estrogen and Progesterone
    • Chapter 29 Gabapentin
    • Chapter 30 Nonbenzodiazepine Sleep Aids
    • Chapter 31 Opiates and Opioids
    • Chapter 32 SSRI and SNRI Antidepressants
    • Chapter 33 Tacrolimus
    • Chapter 34 Thyroid Hormones (T3 and T4)
  • Drugs: Illicit and Recreational
    • Chapter 35 Cannabidiol (CBD)
    • Chapter 36 Club Drugs (MDMA, GHB, Flunitrazepam, Bath Salts)
    • Chapter 37 Cocaine
    • Chapter 38 Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
    • Chapter 39 Marijuana (THC)
    • Chapter 40 Methamphetamine
    • Chapter 41 Miscellaneous Hallucinogens and Dissociative Agents
    • Chapter 42 Opiates and Opioids (Illicit)
    • Chapter 43 Phencyclidine (PCP)
    • Chapter 44 Synthetic Cannabinoids
  • Drugs: Over the Counter
    • Chapter 45 Acetaminophen
    • Chapter 46 Aspirin
    • Chapter 47 Calcium Supplements
    • Chapter 48 Decongestants (Imidazolines)
    • Chapter 49 Decongestants (Pseudoephedrine, Phenylephrine)
    • Chapter 50 Dextromethorphan
    • Chapter 51 Human NSAIDs (Ibuprofen, Naproxen)
    • Chapter 52 Loperamide
    • Chapter 53 Minoxidil
    • Chapter 54 Nicotine and Tobacco
    • Chapter 55 Vitamins and Minerals
  • Drugs: Veterinary Prescription
    • Chapter 56 Alpha-2-adrenergic Agonists
    • Chapter 57 Isoxazolines
    • Chapter 58 Macrocyclic Lactones
    • Chapter 59 Phenylpropanolamine
    • Chapter 60 Pimobendan
    • Chapter 61 Veterinary NSAIDs
  • Envenomations and Internal Toxins
    • Chapter 62 Black Widow Spiders
    • Chapter 63 Brown Recluse Spiders
    • Chapter 64 Crotalids (Pit Vipers)
    • Chapter 65 Elapids (Coral Snakes)
    • Chapter 66 Other Zootoxins (Venomous Lizards [Heloderma], Poisonous Salamanders [Newts], and Frogs)
    • Chapter 67 Scorpions
    • Chapter 68 Toads
    • Chapter 69 Wasps, Hornets, and Bees
  • Foods
    • Chapter 70 Bread Dough
    • Chapter 71 Chocolate and Caffeine
    • Chapter 72 Grapes and Raisins
    • Chapter 73 Hops
    • Chapter 74 Macadamia Nuts
    • Chapter 75 Mycotoxins (Aflatoxin)
    • Chapter 76 Mycotoxins (Tremorgenic)
    • Chapter 77 Onions and Garlic
    • Chapter 78 Salt (Sodium Chloride)
    • Chapter 79 Xylitol
  • Foreign Objects
    • Chapter 80 Foreign Objects
  • Garden, Yard, and Farm Chemicals
    • Chapter 81 Bone and Blood Meal
    • Chapter 82 Diquat and Paraquat
    • Chapter 83 Fertilizers
    • Chapter 84 Herbicides
    • Chapter 85 Methionine
  • Herbals
    • Chapter 86 Ephedra (Ma Huang)
    • Chapter 87 Essential Oils and Liquid Potpourri
    • Chapter 88 Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca Oil)
  • Home Care and Recreational Products
    • Chapter 89 Acids
    • Chapter 90 Alkalis
    • Chapter 91 Batteries
    • Chapter 92 Matches and Fireworks
    • Chapter 93 Mothballs
    • Chapter 94 Paintballs
    • Chapter 95 Phenols and Pine Oils
    • Chapter 96 Soaps, Detergents, Fabric Softeners, Enzymatic Cleaners, and Deodorizers
  • Insecticides and Molluscicides
    • Chapter 97 Amitraz
    • Chapter 98 Imidacloprid and Other Neonicotinoids
    • Chapter 99 Metaldehyde
    • Chapter 100 Miscellaneous Insecticides (Fipronil and Spinosad)
    • Chapter 101 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Anticholinesterase Pesticides
    • Chapter 102 Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids
  • Metals and Metalloids
    • Chapter 103 Iron
    • Chapter 104 Lead
    • Chapter 105 Zinc
  • Nondrug Consumer Products
    • Chapter 106 Glow Jewelry and Toys (Dibutyl Phthalate)
    • Chapter 107 Fluoride
  • Plants and Biotoxins
    • Chapter 108 Azaleas and Rhododendrons
    • Chapter 109 Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria): Anatoxin-A
    • Chapter 110 Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria): Microcystins
    • Chapter 111 Blue-green Algae (Cyanobacteria): Others
    • Chapter 112 Cardiac Glycosides
    • Chapter 113 Cyanogenic Glycosides
    • Chapter 114 Lilies
    • Chapter 115 Mushrooms
    • Chapter 116 Oxalates (Insoluble)
    • Chapter 117 Oxalates (Soluble)
    • Chapter 118 Sago Palm (Cycads)
    • Chapter 119 Spring Bulbs
    • Chapter 120 Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Plant
    • Chapter 121 Yew
  • Rodenticides
    • Chapter 122 Anticoagulant Rodenticides
    • Chapter 123 Bromethalin
    • Chapter 124 Cholecalciferol
    • Chapter 125 Sodium Monofluoroacetate (Compound 1080®)
    • Chapter 126 Phosphides
    • Chapter 127 Strychnine
  • Toxic Gases
    • Chapter 128 Carbon Monoxide
    • Chapter 129 Smoke Inhalation

Section 3 Reference Information

  • Appendix 1 Abbreviations
  • Appendix 2 Anthelmintics
  • Appendix 3 Information Resources for Toxicology
  • Appendix 4 Other Metallic Toxicants
  • Appendix 5 Calculations for the Evaluation of Toxicity
  • Appendix 6 Topical Toxins: Common Human OTC Dermatological Preparations
  • Appendix 7 Toxic Plants: Clinical Signs, Antidotes, and Treatment
  • Index by Toxins and Toxicants
  • Index by Clinical Signs and Syndromes

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A Fully Illustrated Handbook on Clinical Diagnostic Processes in Canine Medicine

A Fully Illustrated Handbook on Clinical Diagnostic Processes in Canine Medicine PDF

A Fully Illustrated Handbook On Clinical Diagnostic Processes In Canine Medicine Pdf Download

By J .P. Varshney

A Fully Illustrated Handbook on Clinical Diagnostic Processes in Canine Medicine aims at improving the clinical diagnostic skill of veterinarians (novice veterinary students, veterinary graduates, veterinary practitioners and scholars) engaged in canine practice with respect to first two basic components of diagnostic process (history and physical examination) and making familiar with diagnostic protocol in relation to diseases of various body systems.

This Book has 136 pictorial illustrations to break out of the linear and systemic nature of the printed text for making the learning process easy and understandable.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

  • Diagnosis and Diagnostic Process

2. Centesis

  • Types: Abdominocentesis, Thoracentesis, Pericardiocentesis, Arthrocentesis

3. Catheterization and Pneumocystography

  • Catheterization and Pneumocystography procedures

4. Pulse Oximetry

  • Basics, Functions, Limitations, and Normal Values

5. Electrocardiography

  • Technique, Indications, Advantages, Limitations

6. Imaging Techniques

  • Radiography, Ultrasonography, Echocardiography, Endoscopy, Scintigraphy

7. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Cardiology

  • Examination, Blood Pressure, Radiography, Biomarkers

8. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Dermatology

  • Skin Tests, Biopsy, Histopathology, Intradermal Testing

9. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Otology

  • Examination, Imaging, Ear Cytology

10. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Gastro-Enterology

  • Examinations, Radiography, Ultrasonography, Gastroscopy

11. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Hepatology

  • Hepatic Enzymology, Biomarkers, Biopsy

12. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Nephrology and Urology

  • Nephrology and Urology techniques

13. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Neurology

  • Neurological Examination, CSF Tapping

14. Clinical Diagnostic Techniques in Ophthalmology

  • Ophthalmic Examination, Anterior and Posterior Segment Assessment

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Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology 3rd edition

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology PDF

Fundamentals Of Veterinary Clinical Pathology 3Rd Edition Pdf Download

By Steven L. Stockham, Michael A. Scott

Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology 3rd Edition presents thoroughly updated and detailed information to promote appropriate clinical laboratory testing and interpretation of test results for common domestic mammals. Presented in an easy-to-use outline format complemented by many relevant tables and illustrations, the book is now in full color. Fundamentals of Veterinary Clinical Pathology synthesizes the laboratory principles, physiology, assays, analytical concepts, pathophysiologic states, and pathophysiologic processes relevant to detecting, evaluating, and understanding disorders in dogs, cats, horses, cattle, and camelids.

Content additions include two entirely new chapters on synovial and cerebrospinal fluid analysis, as well as expanded sections on blood typing and crossmatching, viscoelastic testing, protein electrophoresis, positive acute-phase proteins, mixed acid-base disorders, vitamin D analysis, analytical and biological variation, blood smear evaluation, and more. New clinical tests and methods, useful data patterns, and additional disorders and pathologic processes are integrated throughout.

Features

  • Uses consistent terminology and chapter organization featuring separate sections for physiologic concepts, analytical methods, and interpretation of results
  • Provides pathophysiologic explanations of laboratory abnormalities
  • Allows easy access to information on disorders and conditions, grouping them by common mechanisms or processes and ordering them in parallel across interpretive tables and text
  • Features a wealth of high-quality illustrations and photomicrographs throughout the text
  • Includes extensive referencing on the companion website to support statements and provide direction for further reading

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The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management 2nd Edition

The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management 2nd Edition PDF Download

The Cat: Clinical Medicine And Management 2Nd Edition Pdf Download

By Susan E. Little

The Cat: Clinical Medicine and Management, 2nd Edition is an essential resource for providing complete, state-of-the-art care to cats. Authoritative, clinically focused information is enhanced by full-color images, tables, boxes, algorithms, key points, and more — all in an easy-to-understand, quick-reference format. Dr. Little and her expert contributors address the unique concerns and challenges facing any practitioner providing care for cats, including the latest advances in feline medical diagnosis and management and the clinical applications to everyday practice. An eBook version, included with print purchase, provides access to all the text, figures, and references, with the ability to search, customize content, make notes and highlights, and have content read aloud. The eBook also offers convenient video lessons and client handouts.

Features
  • Comprehensive reference covering the latest advances in feline medicine with a strong clinical focus.
  • Addresses unique feline topics, including genome mapping, behavioral-linked conditions, chronic disease management, and care for geriatric and indoor cats.
  • Features full-color design with visuals for quick information access.
  • Provides solutions for feline overpopulation and zoonotic health implications.
  • Written by around 80 global contributors, offering diverse expertise in feline medical care.
Table of Contents

I: Fundamentals of Feline Practice

II: Feline Behavior

III: Feline Nutrition

IV: Feline Internal Medicine

V: Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses

VI: Managing the Cat with Concurrent and Chronic Diseases

VII: Special Considerations for the Senior Cat

VIII: Feline Reproduction and Pediatrics

IX: The Feline Genome and Clinical Genetics

X: Population Medicine

Index

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Anesthesia and Analgesia for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses 6th Edition

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Veterinary Technicians 6th Edition

Anesthesia And Analgesia For Veterinary Technicians 6Th Edition Pdf Download

By John Thomas and Phillip Lerche

Anesthesia and Analgesia for Veterinary Technicians and Nurses 6th Edition is the definitive guide to the latest drugs, techniques and protocols, and anesthetic equipment. Clear guidelines to anesthesia administration include pre-anesthetic preparation of the patient, induction procedures, the monitoring of patients’ vital signs during the anesthetic period, and postoperative care. Written by expert educators John A. Thomas and Philip Lerche, this trusted text prepares you for success in the classroom and on the Veterinary Technician National Exam (VTNE).

Features
  • Comprehensive coverage of dogs, cats, horses, cattle, camelids, and swine makes this an excellent resource for veterinary students and technicians.
  • Illustrated, step-by-step guidelines to common procedures include patient preparation, IV catheter placement, anesthetic induction techniques, endotracheal intubation, anesthetic maintenance techniques, and anesthetic recovery.
  • Two large-animal anesthesia chapters cover pain management and anesthetic techniques for equine, ruminant, camelid, and swine patients.
  • Reference tables and boxes provide quick access to fluid administration rates, properties of anesthetic drugs, oxygen flow rates, anesthetic protocols, normal and abnormal monitoring parameters, and more.
  • Learning features include chapter outlines, learning objectives, key terms, Technician Notes, key points, review questions, and suggested readings.
  • Glossary at the end of the text makes it easy to look up definitions of terms.
  • NEW! Content on anesthetic practices used to improve patient outcomes includes anesthetic safety checklists, anxiolysis, minimization of anatomical dead space, and administration of constant rate infusions.
  • NEW! Updates reflect the latest advances in veterinary anesthesia and analgesia including new fasting recommendations, drugs, equipment, and anesthetic protocols.
  • NEW! Expanded coverage includes equipment care and sanitation, management of hypothermia, and local anesthetic techniques used to provide analgesia.
  • NEW! Updated practice guidelines provide the basis for anesthesia information, including the 2022 AAHA Pain Management Guidelines for Dogs and Cats and the 2020 AAHA Anesthesia and Monitoring Guidelines for Dogs and Cats.
  • NEW! Revised and additional reference tables and charts enhance their ease of use for routine tasks such as calculation of IV fluid administration rates and oxygen flow rates, and interpretation of monitoring data.
Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Anesthesia
2. Patient Preparation
3. Anesthetic Agents and Adjuncts
4. Anesthetic Equipment
5. Workplace Safety
6. Anesthetic Monitoring
7. Special Techniques
8. Analgesia
9. Canine and Feline Anesthesia
10. Equine Anesthesia
11. Anesthesia of Ruminants, Camelids, and Swine
12. Rodent and Rabbit Anesthesia
13. Anesthetic Problems and Emergencies
Appendix A: Procedure for Operation of a Full Rebreathing System
Appendix B: American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia Monitoring Guidelines Update, 2009
Appendix C: Equipment and Drugs for Use in an Emergency Crash Cart
Appendix D: Standard Volumes, Weights, Measures, and Equivalents
Answer Key
Glossary

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List Of Veterinary Equipment and Tools Essential For Your Vet Clinic

List of Veterinary Equipment and Tools For Veterinarians

Veterinary Equipment and Tools: A Complete List For Vets + [PDF Guide]

List Of Veterinary Equipment And Tools For VeterinariansIf you are planning to establish your own veterinary clinic or hospital, there is a List of Veterinary Equipment, instruments, devices, supplies, and other Vet Tools for veterinarians needed. That’s why we made this Veterinary Equipment List to help all veterinary doctors provide efficient medical care to our patients.

Veterinary Books

To know what tools a veterinarian uses to run a new vet clinic, check this List of Veterinary Equipment and Tools For Veterinarians. You will find all you need even If your future practice is a small vet clinic or large hospital as well as These are All Tools For Vets In All types of practices.

List of Veterinary Equipment:

  1. Veterinary stethoscopes
  2. Thermometers
  3. Ophthalmic and aural examinations
  4. Exam and procedure tables
  5. Weighing Scales
  6. IV pumps
  7. Warming Unit
  8. Veterinary Ultrasounds
  9. Digital X-Ray machines
  10. Anaesthetic Machine
  11. Monitoring Equipment
  12. Microscopes
  13. Veterinary Surgical Instruments
  14. Emergency Equipment
  15. Veterinary Dental Equipment
  16. CT Scanners & MRI
  17. Centrifugal Machine
  18. Endoscopic Instrument
  19. Autoclaves and sterilizers
  20. Incubators
  21. Refrigerators
  22. Boarding Cages
  23. Lighting
  24. Other Tools

1- Veterinary stethoscopes

Veterinary Stethoscopes

Stethoscopes are fundamental and one of the most important Vet Tools that all professionals in the medical field need, but the vet needs a specific stethoscope for their practices. Littmann stethoscopes are the most popular.

The Stethoscope is a small, lightweight, and portable tool that has different parts like ear tips, tubes, ear tubes, stem, headset, diaphragm, chest-piece, and bell. The diaphragm or bell picks up the sound created by the animal’s body and passes it to the earpiece.

The stethoscope is essential because it helps us bypass all muscles and fur, and in fact, helps us hear the sounds of the lungs, intestines, and heartbeat. Thanks to this specialized equipment, it is now easy to examine any large or small animal.

Read More: 6 Best Veterinary Stethoscopes For Veterinarians In 2025

2- Thermometers

Veterinary Thermometers

These can be of the traditional glass and mercury type, although they will require a risk assessment and plans for mercury disposal in case of breakage. They must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected between patients. Digital rectal thermometers are accurate and easy to read and are usually supplied with sterile single-use disposable probe covers to avoid cross-infection. Ear thermometers can also be used and suitable models are now available for most small animals. These also use disposable covers to prevent cross-infection. It is better to continue to use the same type of thermometer when monitoring the temperature of an ongoing case, as there can be significant differences in readings between rectal and ear thermometers.

Free Download: 100 Top Consultations in Small Animal General Practice

3- Ophthalmic and aural examinations

Veterinary Ophthalmic And Aural Examinations Tools

For ophthalmic examinations a pen torch or Finhoff transilluminator is useful; a hand lens, fluorescein strips and tear test strips should also be to hand in the consulting area. Ophthalmoscopes and auriscopes should be cleaned and checked regularly. Ophthalmoscope and auriscope sets can be either mains- or battery-operated. Wall-mounted mains-operated sets in each consulting room (Figure 6.16) are easy to use, look neat and tidy, are always available, and have the added advantage of never having a flat battery, but attention should be paid to the extending wires. Battery-operated sets are more portable, can be shared between rooms, and taken out on visits, but they need regular checks and supplies of spare batteries available (unless rechargeable batteries are used). They are also easy to leave on, leading to flat batteries, although handsets that come on when they are picked up and automatically switch off when they are put down are now available.

4- Exam and procedure tables

Exam And Procedure Tables For Vet Clinic

To examine and treat animals, you will need an examination table in each treatment room. There are different types of exam tables available according to the unique needs of your clinic. You can choose from

  • Electric and hydraulic tables
  • V-top tables
  • Lift tables

The surface of these examination tables is very versatile and flexible and can be adjusted according to the size of your pet patient or the area under examination. These tables are not like standard tables; these are designed for routine disinfection and cleaning.

5- Weighing Scales

Weighing Scales For Vet Clinic

The scales are used in veterinary clinics to measure the weight of each patient because it is used to determine the ideal weight, health, and dose of treatment. The scales are available in a variety of sizes and styles for cats, dogs, horses, and wild animals.

Large scales should be carefully sited so that they are not in a thoroughfare or causing a trip hazard. Smaller scales suitable for cats are better kept in the consulting room to reduce the risk of escape if removing cats from their baskets in the client waiting area. There should also be accurate scales suitable for small and exotic pets, these are also convenient for accurate weighing of food for inpatients.

The new models are pet-friendly with comfortable rubber mats, and an easy-to-read LED display. Some models are portable and offer AC and battery options along with a separate LCD screen.

6-IV pumps

Veterinary Iv Pumps For Vet Clinic

IV pumps are essential equipment used in veterinary clinics to administer medications, fluids, and supplements to patients during surgeries. They are used to control the constant infusion rate for a constant time, ensuring the safe and accurate delivery of drugs.

Syringe pumps offer a more extensive range of delivery modes, with variable syringe sizes. Though more expensive, IV pumps are of high quality and provide extended service, making them a worthwhile investment for any veterinary practice.

7-Warming Unit

Warming Unit For Vet Clinic

A patient warming unit (PWU) is an electronic device that is used to warm a patient in a veterinary clinic. The PWU is used to increase the temperature of a patient, which can improve their comfort and help to reduce the risk of illness. Mostly PWU is used before and after a surgical procedure.

8-Veterinary Ultrasounds

Veterinary Ultrasounds

Veterinarians rely on diagnostic imaging techniques to diagnose pets accurately and treat them effectively. Among these techniques, ultrasound is the best diagnostic imaging equipment. It uses sound waves to scan internal images of the animal’s body, which are then displayed on the screen.

Real-time ultrasound machines with external cameras are now available, producing more detailed and broader pictures of the body’s systems and reducing exam time. These images can be shared live with the sonographer via telemedicine.

Portable ultrasound scanners can provide real-time results of the animal’s body condition without worrying about its physical location, making it useful for home visits. They can help examine pets of any size and make quick decisions about administering life-saving medication.

9-Digital X-Ray machines

Digital X-Ray Machines For Vet Clinic

Digital radiology or radiography (DR) can help the vet obtain a clear picture of the muscles, bones, and internal organs without using film and darkroom processing.

These digital images can zoom in and out and focus on minor details that can lead to an accurate diagnosis. The animal will spend more time resting at home than lying on the table for diagnosis. Also, these images can be sent to other vets for further consultation.

Digital radiographs are an essential part of veterinary practices worldwide, and you can select the DR system that best suits your veterinary clinic.

10-Anaesthetic Machine

Veterinary Anesthesia Machine For Vet Clinic

An anesthesia machine is one of the most essential Veterinary Equipment in veterinary clinics as it generates and mixes medical gases to maintain sedation during surgical procedures.

It helps reduce the risk to the animal’s life and is used in combination with monitors to ensure the pet’s vital signs are being monitored. Oxygen is typically used in anesthesia, and maintaining specific protocols is crucial to ensure the animal’s safety.

11-Monitoring Equipment

Monitoring Equipment For Vet Clinic

Monitoring equipment can be used in a veterinary clinic to help keep patients safe, healthy, and productive. By using monitors, veterinarians can keep track of important health information like blood pressure and heart rate, as well as vital signs for animals. This can save them time and money in the future when treating patients.

12-Microscopes

Microscopes For Veterinarians

Microscopes are used in veterinary practice for the proper diagnosis and treatment of patients. A microscope can increase the efficiency of a veterinary clinic. They are used to examine patient samples microscopically with the help of certain solutions.

The microscope has significant use in veterinary practices for viewing

  • Ear swabs
  • Urine sediments
  • Fecal parasites
  • Blood cytologies
  • Differential counts
  • Tumor aspirates
  • Embryo transfer
  • Sperm motilities
  • Skin issues

With the advancement of technology, the new microscopes ensure sharp and bright images coupled with new LED lighting, it is easier to examine the sample in the evenings.

13-ٍVeterinary Surgical Instruments

Veterinary Surgical Instruments List

General surgical Instruments

General surgical instruments are the basic instruments of all operations. These must be made with high precision, and therefore, many years of experience must be added to this, to guarantee the best results. When using these instruments it is also important that the user must be experienced to get the best possible results. Here are the general instruments that can be used in surgery.

  • Scissors
  • Forceps
  • Dissecting forceps
  • Tissue forceps
  • Clamps or hemostats
  • Visceral clamps
  • Towel clamps
  • Scalpel
  • Retractors
  • Retractors self-retaining
  • Needle holder

Others

Orthopedic surgical Instruments

Orthopedic Instruments are tools that are predominantly used by surgeons to carry out Orthopedic surgical operations.

Ophthalmic surgical instruments

Ophthalmic surgical tools are used for carrying out eye related surgeries. Both cornea and lens related surgeries are done with the help of different surgical instruments.

Dental surgical instruments

Dental instruments are very important for every single dental surgery. A dentist may also say that this is the most important thing in their daily work schedule.

Teat surgical instruments

Teats sometimes get damaged and this hinders the cow from providing milk. The teat surgical instruments help to correct all the defects with teats.

Read More: Veterinary Surgical Instruments List: Names, Uses, and Pictures

14-Emergency Equipment

Veterinary Emergency Equipment

If the consulting room is at a small satellite branch surgery with consulting-only facilities, it is worth considering keeping an ‘emergency box’ at the branch. This can be similar to the anesthetic crash kit, along with intravenous fluids and catheters, endotracheal tubes, and even a small oxygen cylinder and reducing valve, to deal with an emergency that might come in and stabilize a patient before transport to the main surgery.

Read More: 10 Emergency Equipment For Every Veterinary Hospital

15-Veterinary Dental Equipment

Veterinary Dental Equipment And Tools

Proper dental care is crucial for animals to prevent infections and other health problems. Veterinary clinics use dental equipment such as toothbrushes, toothpaste, ultrasonic scalers, extraction forceps, bone curettes, tartar remover forceps, and mouth gags to provide the best possible dental care for their patients. An ultrasonic scaler is particularly useful for removing calculus from teeth without causing harm to the animal or their teeth.

Read More: Veterinary Dental Equipment and Instruments: Names and Uses

16-CT Scanners & MRI

Ct Scanner For Vet Clinic

CT scanners are a valuable tool in veterinary clinics to identify tumors and other medical problems, and monitor the animals’ health. They provide a 3D image of the patient’s body, allowing for quicker and more accurate diagnosis and treatment. CT scans also provide a better view of bones and tissues than traditional x-rays.

Veterinary Books Suggestions

17-Centrifugal Machine

Centrifugal Machine For Veterinarians,List Of Veterinary Tools

A centrifugal machine is an ideal device in a veterinary clinic. A centrifuge machine helps in separating plasma and serum from blood cells. It also helps in the examination of urine and fecal sedimentation. You can get serum through it for many diagnostic tests in order to diagnose specific diseases by detecting the ag/ab in it.

18-Endoscopic Instrument

List Of Veterinary Tools

Endoscopy is a method of diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as cancer, gallbladder disease, and other intestinal diseases. It is performed by a specialist, typically a veterinary doctor, using a long, thin tube. Endoscopy is used to view the inside of the stomach and small intestine, as well as the large intestine.

Endoscopes are basically of two types flexible endoscopes and rigid endoscopes. A flexible endoscope is used basically for checking the anatomy of the GI tract. Flexible endoscopy further includes the Fiber scope and video endoscopes. The rigid endoscope is mainly used for the navigation of non tubular areas like joints and body cavities.

19-Autoclaves and sterilizers 

Veterinary Autoclaves And Sterilizers

Autoclave and sterilizers are essential in all veterinary clinics for proper sterilization of medical tools. Sterilized and autoclaved tools are necessary for safe and contamination-free surgical work, plus it increases the life of instruments that would otherwise wear out with harsh chemicals.

Autoclaves are available in various sizes, depending on the size of the veterinary clinic. If you are running a high volume clinic, you must purchase a larger unit. Besides, automatic and digital autoclaves allow a faster turnaround than its manual version.

20-Incubators

Incubators For Veterinarians

The use of incubators in veterinary clinics can play a vital role in the success of the clinic. In most cases, the incubator is used for bacterial culture and antibiotic sensitivity tests. In veterinary clinics, incubators are a common tool for managing embryos and embryo-derived cells.

To avoid cross-contamination of cultures, incubators are typically equipped with clean detection and isolation equipment. As well, incubators often feature sterile environments in which to maintain the cultures.

21-Refrigerators

Refrigerators

Refrigerator use in a veterinary clinic varies depending on the size and type of clinic. In small clinics, refrigerator use may be limited to providing ice for injured animals and vaccination.

Oftentimes, the clinic will also have a few food items like dog food and cat food. In larger clinics, refrigerators may be used for more extensive purposes such as holding and storing veterinary supplies or medications.

22-Boarding Cages

Boarding Cages For Vet Clinic

Cages are an essential piece of equipment in veterinary clinics for routine animal care. They provide a safe and secure environment for animals, preventing them from escaping and potentially harming others. Injured animals can recover in cages, which also prevent them from becoming prey. Cages also allow veterinarians to observe animals more closely and provide better care.

23-Lighting

Veterinary Lighting For Vet Clinic

Lightning is needed in the exam room for treatment, surgery, and dental examination.  In the past times, incandescent bulbs and halogen-based bulbs were used in veterinary clinics.

With the invention of LED-based lighting, the most critical change in the veterinary industry appears these lights are highly efficient, ecofriendly, have an extended life, and high cooling output.

These LED lights have a long life, the average rated life of these LED is 50,000 hours, and they use about half the electricity of their counterparts.

Other Tools

A selection of scissors and basic forceps is helpful in the consulting room, as is a range of nail clippers varying from heavy-duty (Great Dane) to tiny (canary). It is helpful to have a set of quiet electric clippers in the consulting room. The smaller quieter clippers are particularly useful and upset animals much less than standard clippers. Cordless clippers are more practical and do not present a trip hazard. All clippers should be cleaned thoroughly and disinfected between patients. Tools for taking samples (e.g. swabs, blood tubes, sample containers), microscope slides and coverslips should all be to hand. Examination gloves should include non-latex gloves for any members of staff with a latex allergy. Extra Tools:

  • Otoscope
  • Refractometer
  • Hemocytometer
  • Muzzles
  • Nail Clippers and Electric Clippers
  • Disposable syringes
  • Dose syringe
  • Needles
  • Matic dose syringe
  • Oral calf drencher
  • Balling gun
  • Frick Speculum
  • White Nail trimmer
  • Fecal loop
  • Bull ring
  • Electric dehorner
  • Burdizzo castrator
  • Fetal extractor
  • Trocar and cannula
  • Sphygmomanometer
  • Blow dart
  • Insemination kit
  • Suction Machine
For More Vet Equipment & Tools Download This PDF Guide:

Conclusion

We have mentioned a complete List of Veterinary Tools and Equipment For Veterinarians In All Types of Veterinary Practices: Essentials and Extra Tools. Along with them, proper knowledge is also very important. To be aware of new technologies and tools, it is important to read Read a Lot of Veterinary Books.

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9 Marketing Ideas For Veterinary Practice

Veterinary Marketing Ideas

Veterinary Marketing Ideas

Animals are considered the nicest companions of human beings.  According to a survey, more than a billion domestic animals live with families in Europe, the United States of America, and other countries in the world.  In addition to that, the cost of treatment, food, and other pet services varies from country to country.

Many vets look forward to knowing about different strategies to promote veterinary clinics. As you know, effective marketing plays an important role in attracting clients to your clinic.  Keep one thing in your mind, be innovative and creative.

In this blog, we will discuss “ Basic Veterinary Marketing Ideas” on the basis of my own experience.

Veterinary Books

1-Marketing on Social Media

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

Social media contains various enthusiastic animal lovers from all around the world. Many pet owners seek help from social media forum,s particularly online pet websites.  You can create various interesting blogs/visual graphics and interesting images regarding the care of pets and other animals.

Do viral those images/graphics on social media to attract clients. For example, you can create an account on Pinterest and provide a description of your services over there.

Facebook Marketing

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

You create a page on Facebook about your veterinary clinic services. Showcase your veterinary clinic with all available facilities in a better way. All along with that describe your all services there. Over and above, you can also post some true stories of different pets which visit your clinic along with their pictures.

Also post awareness blogs related to the pet diseases, awareness to the owners, etc. This is also better to answer the queries of customers on Facebook to engage them.  In addition, you can celebrate several animal days as well. For example, cat day, dog day, animal welfare day, etc.

Note: Try to stay active on social media and viral your page in different groups of animal lovers.

Marketing on Miscellaneous Social Media Forums

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

You can also market/promote your veterinary clinic on other social media platforms. For example, Twitter, Google +, Linked In etc. You can share informative articles, small posts, and other important veterinary stuff here. These all things would help you in developing and promoting a veterinary clinic in an effective way.

Read More: 5 Ways By Which Social Media Can Level Up Your Veterinary Practice

2-Host a Social Media Contest

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

This is also a wonderful activity that can help you in promoting your veterinary clinic.  For instance, create an innovative and creative event on social media i-e pet pictures contest. All along with that, let the pet owners submit the best pictures of their pets and then ask your other followers to vote for the wonderful pictures out of them. These types of contests will help in marketing your clinic by attracting more clients.

3-Create a Website

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

 

This is an awesome strategy to boost up your veterinary clinic business. You can create a user-friendly website. On that website, you must provide all the essential information that an animal owner needs to know. Here, we have listed some important points.

  • Location of your clinic
  • Contact information
  • Service cost
  • Available facilities
  • Availability hours
  • Frequently asked questions

A well-explanatory website can engage many animals owners and market your veterinary clinic in an effective way.

4- Search Engine Optimization of Veterinary Clinic

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

This is a highly important point that can help you in marketing the veterinary clinic among animal lovers. Optimize your site in such a way that if a customer is looking for veterinary clinic or pet care services then your clinic must be among the top search results.

Keep in mind that, owners won’t definitely like to travel a long distance to find pet care services.  They would like to find nearby options.

Methodology:

Local SEO is the best option. It can attract customers in your local area or nearby regions. There are different ways to do SEO optimization, for example, you can add the name of your city in the title tags of your website. Secondly, you can register your veterinary clinic business with Google (the best way to market the veterinary clinic).

5- Work on the Infrastructure of Your Clinic

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

This is a general observation that the attractive infrastructure and eye-catching colors of the veterinary clinic attract many owners.  Choose the best colors for your hospital and try to keep your hospital neat and clean.

In Addition to your clinic or hospital design, try to get all the necessary Veterinary Equipment and Tools in order to be able to provide clients will all services they need.

Read More: List of Veterinary Equipment and Tools Essential For Your Clinic

6- Develop a Food Product

Veterinary Clinic Marketing

Developing a unique and highly nutritious food product can also help in promoting your veterinary clinic. It attracts the attention of pet owners and makes your clinic the center of attention for all. Try to maintain the quality of the product and provide it at affordable prices to attract the people. Also, advertise your product on social media to attract the attention of clients.

7- Ask Your Friends to Recommend Your Clinic

Recommend Your Clinic

This is also a wonderful way to market a veterinary clinic. Ask your friends, relatives, and other clients to recommend you to others. It can increase the rush of clients to your clinic.  Also, offer special discounts to your new clients.

8- Create a Profile of Your Working Staff

Working Staff 2

It can also help in the marketing of your clinic. You can create the profile of the working staff of your hospital starting from the manager, nursing staff to the veterinary surgeons. Give the basic info along with other specialization of the staff.  Remember, don’t forget to mention the experience, qualification, and expertise of the veterinary surgeons working in your hospitals.

9- Set an Incredible Image Among the Community

The Best Veterinarian

As you know, this is the era of competition. Animal owners tend to look for the best veterinarian who provides them with everything under a single roof. You can set your image by creating a well-established, well-equipped clinic that should clearly separate you from the other competitive clinics.

Points to Keep In Consideration:

 

Points To Keep In Consideration 1

Here we have listed some important points which can help you in developing an excellent image of your clinic in the community.

  • Provide doorstep services
  • There must be the facility of the ambulance and the transportation of old clients.
  • Ensure punctuality. There must be a minimal wait time. Try to provide quick services as early as you can.
  • Hire knowledgeable, well-trained, and cooperative receptionists which can guide the clients in a better way.
  • Provide 24/7 online veterinary consultation services to the clients.
  • Market your clinic by participating in various community level or national events, doing shelter work for animals, food drives for animals, etc.
  • Provide a separate waiting area for cats and the nervous animals
  • There should be minimal veterinarian and employees’ turnover in your clinic.
  • Mobile pick-up and drop-off services.
  • Provide first-free checkups to attract more clients.

Note: Remember, it is a time-consuming process to create and maintain a veterinary clinic marketing plan.

Secrete note: You can promote your free check-up camp via Facebook and Instagram. You can promote it through a graphic. Just spend a few dollars and in return, you can reach to many pet owners. There is different software which can help you to create graphics.

Conclusion

Marketing a veterinary clinic is a critical thing that needs dedication, patience, and full-time efforts. It will help you Achieve successful veterinary practice and Increase revenue in a veterinary practice. There are different ways that help in promoting your veterinary clinic. For example, digital marketing plays a crucial role in growing the veterinary clinic business. Stay active on social media and advertise your clinic on different social media forums. Try to give pet news with reference to your veterinary clinic in the local newspaper. Also, take part in various events at national and international levels and represent your clinic there. Furthermore, work wisely and provide all-important facilities to the pet owners.

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Ultrasonography Of The Bovine Musculoskeletal System: Indications, Examination Protocols, Findings

Ultrasonography Of The Bovine Musculoskeletal System: Indications, Examination Protocols, Findings

Ultrasonography Of The Bovine Musculoskeletal System: Indications, Examination Protocols, Findings

By Johann Kofler

The ultrasound examination of the bovine musculoskeletal system is established as a routine examination in veterinary clinics worldwide. Practical veterinarians use their existing ultrasound equipment not only for gynaecological but increasingly also for orthopaedic examinations of calves and adult cattle. Ultrasonography Of The Bovine Musculoskeletal System: Indications, Examination Protocols, Findings provides specific instructions for the ultrasonographic examination of individual joints and describes particular anatomical landmarks of each region as a guide. In over 300 illustrations, international specialists present normal sonoanatomical findings and sonopathological findings of common diseases. A must have for modern cattle practitioners who want to broaden their diagnostic horizon!

Table of Contents
  1. Principles of Ultrasonographic Imaging of the Bovine Musculoskeletal System
  2. Ultrasonography of Arthritis, Tenosynovitis, Bursitis, Abscesses, Hematomas – General Findings
  3. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Distal and Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Regions
  4. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Metacarpo- and Metatarsophalangeal Joint Regions
  5. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Carpal Region
  6. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Elbow Region
  7. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Shoulder Region
  8. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Tarsal Region
  9. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Stifle Region
  10. Ultrasonographic Examination of the Coxofemoral Joint and Pelvic Region
  11. Ultrasonographic Examination of Flexor and Extensor Tendons, Tendon Sheaths and the Suspensory Ligament
  12. Ultrasonographic Examination of Muscles
  13. Ultrasonographic Examination of Limb Vessels
  14. Ultrasonographic Imaging of Bone Lesions
  15. Ultrasonographic Imaging and Measurement of Sole Horn and Digital Fat Cushion Thicknesses
  16. Ultrasonographic Measurement of Backfat Thickness
  17. Ultrasonographic Imaging of Large Nerves and Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks of the Limbs
  18. Ultrasonographic Imaging of the Spinal Cord
  19. Ultrasound-Guided Joint and Soft Tissue Interventions

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