Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Companion Website
1 Basics of Structure and FunctionÂ
The Cell, Its Structure and Functions
Energy Production
Functions of DNA and RNA
Embryology
Tissues
Directional Terms and Planes
Body Cavities
2 Body Water: Properties and Functions
Physicochemical Properties of Solutions
Distribution of Body Water
Water Balance
Dehydration, Thirst, and Water Intake
Adaptation to Water Lack
3 Blood and Its Functions
General Characteristics
Leukocytes
Erythrocytes
Fate of Erythrocytes
Iron Metabolism
Anemia and Polycythemia
Hemostasis: Prevention of Blood Loss
Prevention of Blood Coagulation
Tests for Blood Coagulation
Plasma and Its Composition
4 Nervous SystemÂ
Structure of the Nervous System
Organization of the Nervous System
The Nerve Impulse and Its Transmission
Reflexes
The Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Central Nervous System Metabolism
5 The Sensory OrgansÂ
Classification of Sensory Receptors
Sensory Receptor Responses
Pain
Taste
Smell
Hearing and Equilibrium
Vision
6 Endocrine SystemÂ
Hormones
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Adrenal Glands
Pancreatic Gland
Prostaglandins and Their Functions
7 Bones, Joints, and Synovial Fluid
General Features of the Skeleton
Bone Structure
Bone Formation
Bone Repair
Joints and Synovial Fluid
8 MuscleÂ
Classification
Arrangement
Skeletal-Muscle Harnessing
Microstructure of Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal-Muscle Contraction
Comparison of Contraction among Muscle Types
Changes in Muscle Size
9 The Cardiovascular SystemÂ
Heart and Pericardium
Blood Vessels
Lymphatic System
Spleen
Cardiac Contractility
Electrocardiogram
Heart Sounds
Heart Rate and Its Control
Blood Pressure
Blood Flow
Capillary Dynamics
10 The Respiratory SystemÂ
Respiratory Apparatus
Factors Associated with Breathing
Respiratory Pressures
Pulmonary Ventilation
Diffusion of Respiratory Gases
Oxygen Transport
Carbon Dioxide Transport
Regulation of Ventilation
Respiratory Clearance
Nonrespiratory Functions of the Respiratory System
Pathophysiology Terminology
Avian Respiration
11 The Urinary SystemÂ
Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys and Urinary Bladder
The Nephron
Formation of Urine
Glomerular Filtration
Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
Countercurrent Mechanism
Concentration of Urine
Extracellular Fluid Volume Regulation
Aldosterone
Other Hormones with Kidney Association
Micturition
Characteristics of Mammalian Urine
Renal Clearance
Maintenance of Acid–Base Balance
Avian Urinary System
12 Digestion and AbsorptionÂ
Introductory Considerations
The Oral Cavity and Pharynx
The Simple Stomach
Intestines
Accessory Organs
Composition of Foodstuffs
Pregastric Mechanical Functions
Gastrointestinal Motility
Mechanical Functions of the Stomach and Small Intestine
Mechanical Functions of the Large Intestine
Digestive Secretions
Digestion and Absorption
The Ruminant Stomach
Characteristics of Ruminant Digestion
Chemistry and Microbiology of the Rumen
Ruminant Metabolism
Avian Digestion
13 Body Heat and Temperature RegulationÂ
Body Temperature
Physiologic Responses to Heat
Physiologic Responses to Cold
Hibernation
Hypothermia and Hyperthermia
14 Male ReproductionÂ
Testes and Associated Structures
Descent of the Testes
Accessory Sex Glands and Semen
Penis and Prepuce
Muscles of Male Genitalia
Blood and Nerve Supply
Spermatogenesis
Erection
Mounting and Intromission
Emission and Ejaculation
Factors Affecting Testicular Function
Reproduction in the Avian Male
15 Female Reproduction
Functional Anatomy of the Female Reproductive System
Hormones of Female Reproduction
Ovarian Follicle Activity
Sexual Receptivity
Estrous Cycle and Related Factors
Pregnancy
Parturition
Involution of the Uterus
Reproduction in the Avian Female
16 LactationÂ
Functional Anatomy of Female Mammary Glands
Mammogenesis
Lactogenesis and Lactation
Composition of Milk
Milk Removal and Other Considerations
Appendix A Normal Blood Values
Appendix B Answers to Self Evaluation
Index
