Equine Clinical Immunology

Contributors, ix

Preface, xi

1 The Immune System, 1
M. Julia B. Felippe

1.1 Definition, 1

1.2 The organs of the immune system, 1

1.3 The immune cells and soluble molecules, 2

1.4 B and T cell activation in lymphoid tissues, 6

1.5 When the immune response goes wrong, 9

References, 10

2 The Immune System of the Young Horse, 11
Rebecca L. Tallmadge

2.1 Definition, 11

2.2 Equine immune system development, 11

2.3 Unique susceptibilities and disorders of young horses, 16

2.4 Vaccinology teaches about neonatal immunity, 18

References, 18

3 The Immune System of the Older Horse, 23
Amanda A. Adams and David W. Horohov

3.1 Definition, 23

3.2 Clinical conditions associated with aging, 23

3.3 Immunosenescence and vaccination, 23

3.4 Nutrition in enhancing immunity in the old horse, 26

3.5 Conclusion, 27

References, 27

4 Anaphylaxis, 31
Rolfe M. Radcliffe

4.1 Definition, 31

4.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 31

4.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 32

4.4 Diagnostics, 33

4.5 Treatment, 34

4.6 Prevention, 36

4.7 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 37

References, 37

5 Allergy, 39
Bettina Wagner

5.1 Definition, 39

5.2 Culicoides hypersensitivity, 39

5.3 Urticaria, 43

5.4 Recurrent airway obstruction, 44

References, 44

6 Immune-Mediated Cytopenias, 47
Thomas J. Divers

6.1 Definition, 47

6.2 Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia, 47

6.3 Immune-mediated thrombocytopenia, 50

6.4 Immune-mediated neutropenia, 53

References, 54

7 Bullous Diseases of the Skin and Mucosa, 55
Jeanine Peters-Kennedy and Rebecca E. Ruby

7.1 Definition, 55

7.2 Immune-mediated bullous dermatoses, 55

7.3 Pemphigus complex, 57

7.4 Cutaneous adverse drug reactions, 61

7.5 Erythema multiforme, 62

7.6 Lupus erythematosus, 64

References, 65

8 Serum Sickness, 69
Lais R.R. Costa

8.1 Definition, 69

8.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 69

8.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 69

8.4 Diagnostics, 71

8.5 Treatment and prevention, 71

References, 72

9 Vasculitis, 73
James S. W. Prutton and Nicola Pusterla

9.1 Definition, 73

9.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 73

9.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 73

9.4 Diagnostics, 75

9.5 Treatment, 75

9.6 Thrombophlebitis, 75

9.7 Pastern and cannon leukocytoclastic vasculitis, 76

9.8 Drug-induced vasculitis, 76

9.9 Photo-activated vasculitis (photodynamic drugs), 77

9.10 Strongylus vulgaris, 77

9.11 Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis, 77

9.12 Equine viral arteritis, 78

9.13 Equine herpesvirus-1, 78

9.14 African horse sickness, 78

References, 79

10 Purpura Hemorrhagica, 83
Laszlo M. Hunyadi and Nicola Pusterla

10.1 Definition, 83

10.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 83

10.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 83

10.4 Diagnostics, 84

10.5 Treatment and prevention, 85

References, 86

11 Glomerulonephritis, 87
M. Julia B. Felippe

11.1 Definition, 87

11.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 87

11.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 87

11.4 Diagnostics, 88

11.5 Treatment and prognosis, 88

References, 88

12 Inflammatory and Immune-Mediated Muscle Disorders, 91
Sian Durward-Akhurst and Stephanie J. Valberg

12.1 Definition, 91

12.2 Infarctive purpura hemorrhagica, 91

12.3 Rhabdomyolysis associated with Streptococcus equi, 93

12.4 Immune-mediated myositis in Quarter Horse-related breeds, 94

12.5 Systemic calcinosis, 96

12.6 Uncharacterized immune-mediated and inflammatory myopathies, 97

12.7 Sarcocystis myositis, 97

References, 98

13 Granulomatous Diseases, 101
Lais R.R. Costa

13.1 Definition, 101

13.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 101

13.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 101

13.4 Diagnostics, 104

13.5 Treatment and prevention, 105

13.6 Types of cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions, 105

References, 110

14 Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease, 113
Gillian A. Perkins

14.1 Definition, 113

14.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 113

14.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 113

14.4 Diagnostics, 115

14.5 Treatment and prognosis, 116

References, 117

15 Recurrent Uveitis, 121
Brian C. Gilger

15.1 Definition, 121

15.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 121

15.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 121

15.4 Diagnostics, 123

15.5 Treatment and prevention, 124

15.6 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 124

References, 125

16 Recurrent Airway Obstruction and Summer Pasture-Associated Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 127
Michela Bullone and Jean-Pierre Lavoie

16.1 Definition, 127

16.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 127

16.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 128

16.4 Diagnostics, 134

16.5 Treatments and prevention, 136

References, 137

17 Inflammatory Airway Disease, 145
Mathilde Leclère and Jean-Pierre Lavoie

17.1 Definition, 145

17.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 145

17.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 145

17.4 Types of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid inflammation and cytokine profile, 147

17.5 Links between IAD and heaves, 148

17.6 Links between IAD and EIPH, 148

17.7 Diagnostics, 148

17.8 Treatment and prevention, 149

17.9 Prognosis and clinical outcomes, 150

References, 150

18 Inflammation, Endotoxemia and Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, 153
Erin L. McConachie and Kelsey A. Hart

18.1 Definition, 153

18.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 154

18.3 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 155

18.4 Multi-systemic response triggered by inflammatory mediators, 157

18.5 Diagnostics, 160

18.6 Treatment, 162

18.7 Prognosis and clinical outcome, 166

References, 166

19 Leukemia, 173
Tracy Stokol

19.1 Definition, 173

19.2 Classification of leukemias, 173

19.3 Specialized diagnostic techniques for leukemia, 173

19.4 Chronic leukemia, 175

19.5 Acute leukemia, 177

References, 179

20 Lymphoma, 181
SallyAnne L. Ness

20.1 Definition, 181

20.2 Signalment and clinical signs, 181

20.3 Forms of equine lymphoma, 182

20.4 Immunologic mechanisms and etiologic associations, 183

20.5 Diagnostics, 183

20.6 Classification of lymphomas, 185

20.7 Prognosis and treatment, 186

20.8 Monitoring, 189

References, 189

21 Immunodeficiencies, 193
M. Julia B. Felippe

21.1 Definition, 193

21.2 Classification of immunodeficiencies, 194

References, 202

22 Immunologic Testing, 205
M. Julia B. Felippe

22.1 Definition, 205

22.2 Types of immunologic testing, 205

References, 211

23 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatories, 213
Michelle H. Barton

23.1 Definition, 213

23.2 Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, 213

References, 228

24 Immunosuppressive Therapy, 237
M. Julia B. Felippe

24.1 Definition, 237

24.2 Types of immunosuppressive drugs, 237

References, 240

25 Immunomodulators, 243
Elizabeth G. Davis

25.1 Definition, 243

25.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 243

25.3 Commercially available immunostimulants for use in horses, 244

References, 249

26 Immunoglobulin Therapy, 251
Elizabeth G. Davis

26.1 Definition, 251

26.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 251

References, 254

27 Plasmapheresis, 257
Nathan M. Slovis

27.1 Definition, 257

27.2 Methods for preparing plasma products, 257

27.3 Apheresis, 258

27.4 Therapeutic plasmapheresis, 258

27.5 Complications of therapeutic plasmapheresis, 260

References, 260

28 Principles of Vaccination, 263
Noah D. Cohen and Angela I. Bordin

28.1 Definition, 263

28.2 Efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines, 263

28.3 Safety of vaccines, 271

28.4 Key knowledge-gaps in equine vaccinology, 273

28.5 Protocols for vaccination, 275

References, 276

29 Types of Vaccines, 279
Angela I. Bordin and Noah D. Cohen

29.1 Definition, 279

29.2 Immunologic mechanisms, 279

29.3 Immune responses to vaccination, 282

29.4 Routes of vaccination, 284

29.5 Adjuvants and vaccine delivery systems, 285

29.6 Important diseases with unavailable effective vaccines, 285

References, 286

30 Transplantation Immunology, 289
Rebecca L. Tallmadge

30.1 Definition, 289

30.2 Equine MHC genes: genomic organization and variation, 289

30.3 Determining equine MHC haplotypes, 290

30.4 Immunosuppression and engraftment, 291

30.5 Graft rejection, 292

30.6 Current transplantation applications, 293

References, 294

31 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy, 297
Gerlinde R. Van de Walle, Catharina De Schauwer and Lisa A. Fortier

31.1 Definition, 297

31.2 Regenerative functions of mesenchymal stem cells, 297

31.3 Immunologic mechanisms and associations, 298

31.4 Sources of equine mesenchymal stem cells, 299

31.5 Characterization of equine mesenchymal stem cells, 300

31.6 Applications of equine mesenchymal stem cells in equine regenerative medicine, 302

References, 306

32 Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, 311
M. Julia B. Felippe

32.1 Definition, 311

32.2 Hematopoietic stem cell sources, 311

32.3 Pre-transplantation conditioning, 313

32.4 Post-transplantation immunosuppression, 313

32.5 Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the horse, 313

References, 315

Index, 317