Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
Contributors List xix
Standard Abbreviations xxvii
Getting the Most out of Your Diagnostic Laboratory xxviii
General Principles for Performing Blood Tests xxx
General Principles for Performing Fecal Tests xxxii
General Principles for Performing Urine Tests xxxiii
General Principles of Endoscopy xxxv
General Principles of Radiography xxxviii
General Principles of Ultrasonography xii
Topic
Abdominal Radiography 2
Abdominal Ultrasonography 8
Abdominocentesis and Fluid Analysis 11
Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody 16
Acetylcholinesterase 18
ACTH Assay 20
ACTH Stimulation Test 22
Activated Clotting Time 24
Acute Phase Proteins 26
Adrenal Ultrasonography 28
Alanine Aminotransferase 32
Albumin 34
Alkaline Phosphatase 36
Allergen-Specific Serology 38
Alpha-1 Protease Inhibitor 40
Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitoring 42
Ammonia 45
Amylase 48
Angiography and Angiocardiography 50
Anion Gap 54
Anticoagulant Proteins 56
Anticoagulant Screen 58
Antinuclear Antibody 60
Aqueocentesis and Vitreocentesis 62
Arthrocentesis with Synovial Fluid Analysis 64
Arthroscopy 69
Aspartate Aminotransferase 72
Babesia 74
Bacterial Culture and Sensitivity 76
Barium-Impregnated Polyethylene Spheres (BIPS) 79
Bartonella 82
Bence-Jones Proteins 85
Bicarbonate 88
Bile Acids 91
Bilirubin 94
Bladder Tumor Analyte 96
Bleeding Time 98
Blood Gases 101
Blood Pressure Determination: Noninvasive and Invasive 104
Blood Sample Collection 107
Blood Smear Microscopic Examination 109
Blood Smear Preparation 112
Blood Typing 114
Bone Biopsy 117
Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy 119
Bone Marrow Aspirate Cytology: Microscopic Evaluation 122
Bone Scan 126
Brain-Stem Auditory Evoked Response 129
Brain Ultrasonography 132
Bronchoalveolar Lavage 135
Bronchoscopy 138
Brucellosis Serology 141
Buffy Coat Preparations 144
Calcitriol 146
Calcium 148
Cardiac Catheterization 151
Carnitine 160
Catheter-Assisted Stone Retrieval 164
Central Venous Pressure 166
Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap 168
Chloride 172
Cholesterol 174
Coagulation Factors 176
Cobalamin 179
Colonoscopy 182
Complete Blood Count 185
Computed Tomography 186
Conjunctival Scraping and Cytology 188
Coombs’ Test 190
Cortisol 192
Cortisol/Creatinine Ratio 194
Creatine Kinase 196
Creatinine 198
Crossmatch 200
Cystocentesis 202
Cystometry and Urethral Pressure Measurement 205
Cystourethrography 210
Cystourethroscopy 214
D-Dimer 217
Dental Radiography 220
Dermatophyte Culture 225
Desmopressin Response Test 228
Distemper 231
Echocardiography 234
Ehrlichia/Anaplasma 238
Electrocardiography 241
Electroencephalography 245
Electromyography 248
Electroneurography 251
Electroretinography 254
Epidurography 256
Erythropoietin 258
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 260
Esophagography 263
Estradiol 266
Ethylene Glycol 268
Excretory Urography 270
Fecal Direct Smear and Cytology 273
Fecal Elastase 276
Fecal Fat 278
Fecal Flotation 280
Fecal Occult Blood 284
Fecal Sedimentation and Baermann Exam 286
Feline Coronavirus 288
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus 291
Feline Leukemia Virus 294
Ferritin 297
Fibrin Degradation Products 300
Fibrinogen 303
Fine-Needle Aspiration 306
Fluid Analysis 308
Fluorescein Dye Test 311
Fluoroscopy 314
Folate 316
Food Trial 318
Fructosamine 320
Gamma-Glutamyltransferase 322
Gastrin 324
Gastrointestinal Ultrasonography 326
Gastroscopic and Colonoscopic Food-Sensitivity Testing 330
Genetic Testing 333
Giardia Fecal Antigen 336
Gingival Sulcus Measurement 338
Globulins 341
Glomerular Filtration Rate 344
Glucose 347
Glucose Curve 350
Glycosylated Hemoglobin 353
Heartworm Serology 356
Heinz Bodies 358
Hematocrit 360
Hemoglobin 363
Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas 366
High-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test 368
Horizontal Beam Radiography 370
Immunoglobulin Assays 373
Impression Smear 376
Insulin and Insulin/Glucose Ratio 378
Intradermal Testing 381
Iron Level and Total Iron-Binding Capacity 384
Knott’s Test 386
Lactate 388
Laparoscopy 390
Lead 394
Leptospira 396
Lipase 399
Liver and Gallbladder Ultrasonography 402
Liver Biopsy 407
Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test 412
Lower Gastrointestinal Radiographic Contrast Studies 414
Lower Urinary Tract Ultrasonography 416
Lupus Erythematosus Cell Preparation 419
Luteinizing Hormone 422
Lyme Disease Serology 424
Lymphangiography 427
Magnesium 430
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 432
Masticatory Muscle Myositis (2M Antibody Assay) 436
Methemoglobin 438
Muscle and Nerve Biopsy 440
Myelography 443
Nasal Flush and Biopsy 446
Nasolacrimal Irrigation 450
Natriuretic Peptides 452
Ocular Ultrasonography 454
Osmolality 457
Osmotic Fragility 460
Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity 462
Pancreatic Ultrasonography 464
Parathyroid Hormone 467
Parathyroid Hormone–Related Protein 470
Partial Thromboplastin Time, Activated 472
Pericardiocentesis 475
Phosphorus 479
PIVKA Test 482
Platelet Antibody Detection 484
Platelet Count and Volume 486
Platelet Function Tests 489
Potassium 492
Progesterone 495
Prostatic Wash 498
Protein Electrophoresis 501
Prothrombin Time 504
Pulmonary Function Tests 506
Pulmonary Perfusion Scan 510
Pulse Oximetry 514
Rectal Scraping and Cytology 516
Red Blood Cell Count 518
Red Blood Cell Enzyme Activity 520
Red Blood Cell Indices 522
Red Blood Cell Morphology 525
Relaxin 530
Renal Biopsy and Aspiration 532
Renal Ultrasonography 536
Reticulocyte Count 535
Rheumatoid Factor 542
Rhinoscopy 544
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 548
Schirmer Tear Test 550
Semen Analysis 552
Semen Collection 555
Semen Preservation 558
Skeletal Radiography 561
Skin Biopsy 564
Skin Scraping and Trichogram 566
Skin Surface and Otic Cytology 568
Skull Radiography 570
Sodium 573
Somatomedin C 576
Splenic Ultrasonography 578
T3 Suppression Test 582
Taurine 584
Testosterone 588
Thoracic Radiography 590
Thoracic Ultrasonography 596
Thoracocentesis and Fluid Analysis 599
Thoracoscopy 602
Thyroglobulin Autoantibody 606
Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasonography 608
Thyroid-Releasing Hormone Response Test 612
Thyroid Scintigraphy 614
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone 618
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation Test 620
Thyroxine (T4), Free 622
Thyroxine (T4), Total 624
Tissue Biopsy: Needle and Punch 627
Tonometry 630
Total Protein 634
Toxoplasmosis Serology 636
Tracheal Wash 639
Transsplenic Portal Scintigraphy 642
Triglycerides 646
Troponins, Cardiac Specific 648
Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity 651
Ultrasound-Guided Mass or Organ Aspiration 654
Upper Gastrointestinal Radiographic Contrast Studies 657
Urea Nitrogen 660
Urethral Catheterization 662
Urinalysis Overview 666
Urine Albumin 668
Urine Bilirubin 671
Urine Fractional Excretion of Electrolytes 674
Urine Gamma-Glutamyltransferase/Creatinine Ratio 677
Urine Glucose 680
Urine Heme Protein 683
Urine Ketones 686
Urine pH 688
Urine Protein 690
Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio 693
Urine Sediment 696
Urine Specific Gravity 701
Urolith Analysis 704
Uterine Ultrasonography 707
Vaginography 710
Voiding Urohydropropulsion 714
Von Willebrand Factor 716
Water-Deprivation Test, Modified 718
White Blood Cell Count and Differential 721
White Blood Cells: Basophils 724
White Blood Cells: Eosinophils 726
White Blood Cells: Lymphocytes 728
White Blood Cells: Monocytes 730
White Blood Cells: Neutrophils 732
Wood’s Lamp Examination 734
Zinc 736
Appendix 1: Tables of Laboratory Normal Values 739
Appendix 2: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 740
Appendix 3: Referral Laboratories 742
Index 747
