Anatomy of the equine respiratory tract
Introduction
Extrathoracic airways
Overview; nares and rostral nasal passages; nasal septum; conchae and paranasal sinuses; guttural pouches; nasopharynx; hard and soft palate; epiglottis; larynx; cervical trachea
Intrathoracic airways and the lungs
Tracheobronchial tree; pulmonary circulation; bronchial circulation
Pulmonary function
Ventilation
Respiratory muscles; lung volumes and ventilation; regional differences in ventilation
Diffusion
Respiratory gases; laws of diffusion; diffusion limitation; transport of gases in blood
Ventilationโperfusion relationship
Mechanics of breathing
Airflow resistance; lung elasticity; pulmonary inertance
Clinical examination
General inspection
Signalment; history; breathing pattern; nasal discharge
Physical examination
Extrathoracic airways: nose to extrathoracic trachea; intrathoracic airways and chest wall: intrathoracic trachea to alveoli
Diagnostic tests and therapeutic procedures
Endoscopy
Dynamic endoscopy
Diagnostic imaging
Radiography; computed tomography; nuclear imaging; ultrasonography
Sampling of respiratory secretions
Tracheal wash; bronchoalveolar lavage; airway brushing
Airway and lung biopsy
Endobronchial biopsy; percutaneous lung biopsy; thoracoscopic lung biopsy
Thoracocentesis
Sinus trephination
Sinoscopy
Thoracoscopy
Lung function tests
Arterial blood gases; lung mechanics
Allergy tests
Aerosol therapy
Principles of aerosol therapy; aerosol delivery devices; aerolization of antiยญmicrobials
The coughing horse
Introduction
Definition; characteristics; pathophysiology
Acute cough
Viral respiratory infections; pneumonia
Chronic cough
Heaves (recurrent airway obstruction); inflammatory airway disease; parasitic pneumonitis
The horse with nasal discharge
Introduction
Seromucoid nasal discharge
Rhinitis; viral infections
Mucopurulent nasal discharge
Sinus diseases; guttural pouch empyema; strangles
Epistaxis
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage; ethmoid hematoma; guttural pouch mycosis; miscellaneous causes of epistaxis
Milk
Cleft palate; dorsal displacement of the soft palate
The horse with increased respiratory effort
Introduction
Pleuropneumonia/pneumonia; heaves (recurrent airway obstruction); interstitial lung diseases; proximal airway obstruction
Abnormal respiratory sounds
Introduction
Stridor
Nasal diseases: atheroma; alar fold obstruction; nasal septum obstruction; nasal polyps. Pharyngeal and laryngeal diseases: dorsal displacement of the soft palate; epiglottic entrapment; epiglottic retroversion; axial deviation of the aryepiglottic folds; epiglottitis; rostral displacement of the palatopharyngeal arch; laryngeal hemiplegia; arytenoid chondritis.
Tracheal diseases: collapsing trachea; tracheal trauma; tracheal neoplasia
Abnormal lung sounds
Congenital abnormalities
Wry nose; choanal atresia; palatoschisis (cleft palate); cysts; branchial arch defects; guttural pouch tympany
Further reading
Index