List of Contributors xxv
Foreword xxxi
Part I Overview of Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture 1
1 The Marine Ornamental Species Trade 3
Matthew R. Palmtag
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 History 4
1.3 Economics of Trade 5
1.4 Species of Trade 5
1.5 Organization of Trade 6
1.6 Environmental Impact 7
1.7 Marine Ornamentals Aquaculture 9
1.8 Conclusions 12
Acknowledgements 12
References 12
2 The Need for Cultured Specimens 15
Ricardo Calado
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Should All Marine Ornamental Species be Cultured? 16
2.3 Highly Demanded Marine Ornamental Species Cultured in Captivity 18
2.4 Conclusions 20
References 21
3 Life Cycles in Marine Ornamental Species – Fishes as a Case Study 23
Ike Olivotto, Ming‐Yih Leu and Mercedes Blázquez
3.1 Introduction 23
3.2 Patterns of Sexuality in Fish 24
3.3 Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation in Fish 28
3.4 Molecular Markers of Sex Differentiation 29
3.5 Transcriptomic Studies on Fish Sex Differentiation 29
3.6 Demersal Spawners 30
3.7 Pelagic Spawners 34
3.8 Conclusions 38
Acknowledgements 39
References 39
4 Early Culture Trials and an Overview on U.S. Marine Ornamental Species Trade 51
Andrew L. Rhyne, Michael F. Tlusty and Joseph T. Szczebak
4.1 Introduction 51
4.2 Import Data and the Marine Aquarium Trade 52
4.3 Aquaculture for the Marine Aquarium Trade: Bottlenecks and Opportunities 58
4.4 Constraints and Opportunities for the Commercial Production of Marine Aquarium Species 59
4.5 Risks and Benefits of Aquaculture Production 63
4.6 Conclusions 66
Acknowledgements 66
References 66
Part II Facilities, Culture Systems and Other Specific Requirements 71
5 Location 75
Ricardo Calado
5.1 Introduction 75
5.2 In Situ Culture 76
5.3 Ex Situ Culture 77
5.4 Licensing and Other Legal Issues 77
5.5 Conclusions 78
References 78
6 Broodstock Systems 81
Rui J.m. Rocha and Maria Teresa Dinis
6.1 Introduction 81
6.2 Broodstock Management and Reproduction 82
6.3 Systems Design and Planning 82
6.4 Conclusions 96
Acknowledgements 97
References 97
7 Larviculture Systems 101
Ike Olivotto and Miquel Planas Oliver
7.1 Introduction 101
7.2 Microcosms 102
7.3 Mesocosms 105
7.4 Conclusions 108
Acknowledgements 109
References 109
8 Live Prey Production Systems 111
Miquel Planas Oliver, Ike Olivotto and Claudia Turchi
8.1 Introduction 111
8.2 Microalgae 112
8.3 Rotifers 113
8.4 Artemia 115
8.5 Copepods 118
8.6 Other Prey 121
8.7 Conclusions 122
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
9 Larval Diets and Nutrition 125
Ike Olivotto, Miquel Planas Oliver and Claudia Turchi
9.1 Larval Nutritional Requirements 125
9.2 Microalgae 127
9.3 Rotifers, Artemia and Ciliates 129
9.4 Copepods 131
9.5 Inert Diets (Dry Food and Preserved Copepods) 133
9.6 Conclusions 134
References 134
10 Growout and Broodstock Nutrition 139
Steven R. Craig, Todd R. Gardner and Oliana Carnevali
10.1 Introduction 139
10.2 Nutritional Components 140
10.3 Broodstock Nutrition 145
10.4 Probiotics 149
10.5 Conclusions 152
References 153
11 Considerations for Developing a Marine Ornamental Hatchery 159
Avier J. Montalvo
11.1 Introduction 159
11.2 Hatchery Location 160
11.3 Facility Layout 160
11.4 Water Sources 160
11.5 Electricity 162
11.6 Lighting 163
11.7 Tanks and Aquariums 163
11.8 Diet and Nutrition 167
11.9 Quarantine 168
11.10 Filtration 169
11.11 Market Assessment 170
11.12 Quality Control 171
11.13 Other Considerations 171
11.14 Conclusions 172
Acknowledgements 172
References 172
Part III Marine Ornamental Fishes Aquaculture 175
12 Clownfish 177
Ike Olivotto and Benjamin Geffroy
12.1 Introduction 177
12.2 Social Structure 179
12.3 Sex Reversal in Clownfish 180
12.4 Broodstock Nutrition 182
12.5 Broodstock Tanks and Establishing Pairs 183
12.6 Spawning 185
12.7 Hatching, Larval Tanks and First Feeding 187
12.8 Early Trials 190
12.9 Conclusions 193
Acknowledgements 194
References 194
13 Mouthbrooders – the Banggai Cardinalfish 201
Alejandro A. Vagelli
13.1 Introduction 201
13.2 The Reproductive Biology of Pterapogon kauderni 203
13.3 General Ecological Characteristics of Pterapogon kauderni 207
13.4 Captive Breeding of Pterapogon kauderni 209
13.5 Nutritional Aspects and Diseases 216
13.6 Conclusions 219
Acknowledgements 219
References 219
14 Other Demersal Spawners and Mouthbrooders 223
Marcelo Shei, Miguel Mies and Ike Olivotto
14.1 Introduction 223
14.2 Gobies (Gobiidae) 224
14.3 Blennies (Blenniidae) 228
14.4 Dottybacks (Pseudochromidae) 231
14.5 Damselfishes (Pomacentridae) 236
14.6 Other Demersal Spawning Families 240
14.7 Other Mouthbrooders 242
14.8 Conclusions 243
Acknowledgements 243
References 243
15 Large Angelfish and Other Pelagic Spawners 251
G. Joan Holt, Ming‐Yih Leu, Chatham K. Callan and Brad Erisman
15.1 Introduction 251
15.2 Serranidae 254
15.3 Lutjanidae 257
15.4 Haemulidae 258
15.5 Sciaenidae 260
15.6 Chaetodontidae 262
15.7 Pomacanthidae 263
15.8 Labridae 265
15.9 Callionymidae 268
15.10 Ephippidae 269
15.10.1 Spadefish (Chaetodipterus faber) 269
15.10.2 Orbiculate Batfish (Platax orbicularis) 269
15.10.3 Longfin Batfish (Platax teira) 269
15.11 Acanthuridae 270
15.11.1 Palette Surgeonfish (Paracanthurus hepatus) 270
15.11.2 Yellow Tang (Zebrasoma flavescens) 271
15.12 Conclusions 273
Acknowledgements 273
References 274
16 Dwarf Angelfish 279
Frank Baensch
16.1 Introduction 279
16.2 Broodstock 282
16.3 Larval Rearing 286
16.4 Juvenile Growout 293
16.5 Conclusions 295
Acknowledgements 296
References 296
17 Seahorses and Pipefish 299
Miquel Planas Oliver, Robert Burhans and Nuno Simoes
17.1 Introduction 299
17.2 Anatomy and General Biology 300
17.3 Reproduction and Mating System 301
17.4 Husbandry 303
17.5 Rearing Systems 307
17.6 Diseases 311
17.7 Rearing of Selected Seahorse Species 314
17.8 Rearing of Selected Pipefish 317
17.9 Rearing of Seadragons 320
17.10 Conclusions 322
Acknowledgements 322
References 322
18 Post‐Larval Capture and Culture of Ornamental Fishes 327
Gilles Lecaillon
18.1 Introduction 327
18.2 PCC Versus Fish Life Cycle 328
18.3 Features Determining Species Suitability to the Marine Aquarium Trade 330
18.4 Hobbyist Responsibilities 335
18.5 Pcc Experiences 339
18.6 Conclusions 342
Acknowledgements 343
References 343
19 Common Diseases in Marine Ornamental Fishes 347
Maria Letizia Fioravanti and Daniela Florio
19.1 Introduction 347
19.2 Parasitic Diseases 349
19.3 Mycotic Diseases 358
19.4 Bacterial Diseases 360
19.5 Viral Diseases 365
19.6 Conclusions 368
Acknowledgements 368
References 369
Part IV Marine Ornamental Invertebrates Aquaculture 381
20 Live Rock 385
Nuno Simões, Andrés Altamira, Marcelo Shei and Francesco Perissonotti
20.1 Introduction 385
20.2 Trade of Live Rock: a Bit of History 387
20.3 Types of Live Rock 388
20.4 Principal Recipes to Make Your Own Aquacultured Live Rock 391
20.5 Decoration Versus Filtration: Myth or Reality? 392
20.6 Problems in Use 393
20.7 Financial Issues? 394
20.8 Observations on the Differences of Live Rock 395
20.9 Conclusions 399
Acknowledgements 399
References 399
21 Cnidarians 403
Ricardo Calado
References 404
21.1 Corals 406
Miguel C. Leal, Christine Ferrier‐Pagès, Dirk Petersen and Ronald Osinga
References 429
21.2 Sea Anemones 437
Anna Scott
Acknowledgements 448
References 448
21.3 Jellyfish 457
Mike Schaadt, Chad L. Widmer and Nancy Sowinski
Acknowledgements 471
References 471
22 Decapod Crustaceans 475
Ricardo Calado
References 476
22.1 Shrimp 477
Ricardo Calado, Junda Lin, Gilles Lecaillon and Andrew L. Rhyne
References 491
22.2 Other Marine Ornamental Decapods 496
Andrew L. Rhyne, Junda Lin and Ricardo Calado
References 504
23 Molluscs 507
Ricardo Calado
References 508
23.1 Giant Clams 510
Miguel Mies, Marcello S. Scozzafave, Felipe Braga and Paulo Y.g. Sumida
Acknowledgements 529
References 529
23.2 Snails, Slugs and Cephalopods 536
Gisela Dionisio, Filipa Faleiro and Rui Rosa
Acknowledgements 554
References 554
24 Polychaetes 565
David R. Bybee and Joanna M. Murray
24.1 Introduction 565
24.2 Worms Sold in the Trade 567
24.3 An Introduction on Ornamental Polychaete Culture 567
24.4 Sexual Reproduction as a Method of Culture 568
24.5 Asexual Reproduction and Regeneration as Methods of Culture 571
24.6 Conclusions 575
Acknowledgements 576
References 576
25 Other Invertebrates and Macroalgae 581
Ricardo Calado and Martin Moe Jr.
25.1 Introduction 581
25.2 Sponges 582
25.3 Tunicates 583
25.4 Echinoderms 583
25.5 Macroalgae 589
25.6 Conclusions 590
References 591
Part V Other Issues in Marine Ornamental Species Aquaculture 595
26 Packing and Shipping 597
Joao P. Correia and Nuno V. Rodrigues
26.1 Introduction 597
26.2 Packing 598
26.3 Shipping 602
26.4 Conclusions 606
Acknowledgements 606
References 606
27 The Role of Public and Private Aquaria in the Culture and Conservation of Marine Ornamentals 609
Ricardo Calado
References 610
27.1 Public Aquaria 611
Michael F. Tlusty, Nuria Baylina, Andrew L. Rhyne, Chris Brown and Mark Smith
References 620
27.2 Interaction Between Public and Private Aquaria 623
Judy St. Leger and gary Violetta
Acknowledgements 632
References 632
28 How Nano Tanks can Foster the Demand for Bred and Cultured Marine Ornamentals 635
Christiane Schmidt
28.1 Introduction 635
28.2 The Need 637
28.3 Where we are Now 638
28.4 Challenges 639
28.5 Solutions 641
28.6 Conclusions 645
Acknowledgements 645
References 645
Part VI Future Challenges and Concluding Remarks 647
Glossary 651
Appendix 655
Index 663
