The Costs and Benefits of Animal Experiments

Animal Costs

Global Laboratory Animal Use

Types of Laboratory Animal Use

Impacts on Laboratory Animals

Human Benefits

Human Clinical Utility of Animal Models

Human Toxicological Utility of Animal Models

Factors Limiting the Human Utility of Animal Models

Alternative Strategies

Non-Animal Research and Testing Methodologies

Reduction and Refinement of Laboratory Animal Use

Educational Animal Use and Student Impacts

Educational Animal Use

Effects of Harmful Animal Use on Students

Conclusions and Policy Recommendations

The Costs and Benefits of Animal Experimentation

Regulatory Developments and Policy Recommendations