Zoo Animal Learning and Training

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Zoo Animal Learning and Training

By Vicky A. Melfi, Nicole R. Dorey and Samantha J. Ward

Zoo Animal Learning and Training PDF. This accessible, up-to-date book on animal training in a zoo/aquaria context provides a unified approach to zoo animal learning, bringing together the art and science of animal training. Written by experts in academia and working zoos, it incorporates the latest information from the scientific community along with current best practice, demystifying the complexities of training zoo animals. In doing so, it teaches readers how to effectively train animals and to fully understand the consequences of their actions.

Zoo Animal Learning and Training starts with an overview of animal learning theory. It describes the main categories of animal learning styles; considers the diverse natural history of zoo animals; reviews the research undertaken which demonstrates ultimate benefits of learning; and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the different approaches. It also shows how the direct application of learning theory can be integrated into zoo animal management; discusses how other factors might affect development; and investigates situations and activities from which animals learn. It also explores the theoretical basis that determines whether enrichments are successful.

Provides an easily accessibly, jargon-free introduction to the subject
Explores different training styles, providing theoretical background to animal learning theory as well as considerations for practical training programme – including how to set them up, manage people and animals within them and their consequences
Includes effective skills and ‘rules of thumb’ from professional animal trainers
Offers commentary on the ethical and welfare implications of training in zoos
Features contributions from global experts in academia and the zoo profession
Uniquely features both academic and professional perspectives

Zoo Animal Learning and Training is an important book for students, academics and professionals. Suited to senior undergraduate students in zoo biology, veterinary science, and psychology, and for post-graduate students in animal management, behaviour and conservation, as well as zoo biology. It is also beneficial to those working professionally in zoos and aquaria at different levels.

Table of Contents

Notes on Contributors xi

Foreword xxi

Preface xxv

Acknowledgements xxvii

Part A Demystifying Zoo Animal Training 1

1 Learning Theory 3
Nicole R. Dorey

2 The Cognitive Abilities of Wild Animals 15
Lindsay R. Mehrkam

3 The Ultimate Benefits of Learning 35
Kathy Baker and Vicky A. Melfi

4 Choosing the Right Method: Reinforcement vs Punishment 53
Ken Ramirez

Modality Boxes
Consideration of what modalities animals use to communicate with one another; as training programmes are based on good communication between the zoo professional and animal they are working with.

Box A1 Animal Vision 69
Andrew Smith

Box A2 Do You Hear What I Hear? Hearing and Sound in Animals 73
Erik Miller‐Klein

Box A3 Making Sense of Scents: Olfactory Perception in Animals 77
Neil Jordan

Part B Types of Learning That Can Be Achieved in a Zoo Environment 81

5 What is There to Learn in a Zoo Setting? 83
Fay Clark

6 Environmental Enrichment: The Creation of Opportunities for Informal Learning 101
Robert John Young, Cristiano Schetini de Azevedo, and Cynthia Fernandes Cipreste

7 The Art of ‘Active’ Training 119
Steve Martin

8 Integrating Training into Animal Husbandry 143
Marty Sevenich‐MacPhee

9 Us and Them: Human–Animal Interactions as Learning Events 167
Geoff Hosey and Vicky A. Melfi

Taxa Specific Boxes
Consideration of species specific differences in cognitive ability are explored in academic boxes and the considerations necessary to practically implement training with different species are explored in professional boxes below.

Box B1 Elephant Training in Zoos 183
Greg A. Vicino

Box B2 Human–Elephant Interactions in Semi‐captive Asian Elephants of Myanmar 187
Khyne U. Mar

Box B3 Elephant Cognition: An Overview 191
Sarah L. Jacobson and Joshua M. Plotnik

Box B4 Marine Mammal Training 197
Sabrina Brando

Box B5 Cognitive Abilities of Marine Mammals 203
Gordon B. Bauer

Box B6 The Application of Positive Reinforcement Training to Enhance Welfare of Primates in Zoological Collections 211
Jim Mackie

Box B7 Species‐specific Considerations: Primate Learning 217
Betsy Herrelko

Box B8 Training Reptiles in Zoos: A Professional Perspective 221
Richard Gibson

Box B9 The Learning Repertoire of Reptiles 227
Gordon M. Burghardt

Box B10 Training Birds from a Zoo Professional’s Perspective 231
Heidi Hellmuth

Box B11 Learning and Cognition in Birds 235
Jackie Chappell

Box B12 Species‐specific Considerations when Planning and Implementing Training with Aquatics 239
Heather Williams

Box B13 The Cognitive Abilities of Fish 243
Culum Brown

Part C More Than A to B: How Zoo Animal Training Programmes Can Impact Zoo Operations and Mission 247

10 Making Training Educational for Zoo Visitors 249
Katherine Whitehouse‐Tedd, Sarah Spooner, and Gerard Whitehouse‐Tedd

11 Welfare Implications of Zoo Animal Training 271
Vicky A. Melfi and Samantha J. Ward

12 Training Animals in Captivity or the Wild, so They Can Return to the Wild 289
Jonathan Webb

13 Last but in Fact Most Importantly … Health and Safety 309
Tim Sullivan

Bigger Training Consideration Boxes
For some of the topics we felt it might be helpful to provide a box outside to the general text to consider some bigger concepts in animal training. These include ‘training multiple animals’ by Kirstin Anderson-Hansen and a concluding positive note on including training within zoo animal management programmes by Gary Priest.

Box C1 Training Animals in a Group Setting 327
Kirstin Anderson‐Hansen

Box C2 This Generation’s Challenge 333
Gary Priest

Glossary 335

Index 339

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Exotic Animal Medicine: Review and Test

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Exotic Animal Medicine: Review and Test

By Jaime Samour

Exotic Animal Medicine: Review & Test PDF is the ideal way for students and clinicians in general practice to study, explore and extend their knowledge of this exciting new field. Distinguished avian specialist Jaime Samour and his international team of contributors from 13 countries present the reader with a collection of over 60 selected clinical cases observed in mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish species kept commonly as pets. Additional cases are included of some species maintained in zoological collections, captive breeding centres or brought into rescue and rehabilitation centres around the world. The cases are presented in a systematic format using descriptive and diagnostic images and clinical and laboratory data, challenging the reader to formulate a differential diagnosis, to suggest a recommended therapy pathway, to provide an educated prognosis and to propose ways of prevention. The definite diagnosis, treatment, preventative medicine and final comments are provided at the end of each question. A recommended list of further reading offers the reader additional consultative information on each medical condition addressed.

In presenting comprehensive clinical and diagnostic information, Exotic Animal Medicine Review & Test allows the reader to explore cases in more depth and with more imagery and background data than may be available in other sources. It is perfect for the continuing education needs of busy clinicians and for veterinarians in training who wish to test their ability to establish a differential diagnosis.

A selection of cases from the book, plus a range of more advanced bonus cases, is presented in interactive format on a companion website, which is optimized for viewing on mobile devices.

Presents comprehensive clinical and diagnostic information
A companion website optimized for access on mobile devices offers a fully interactive range of cases for convenient self testing
Fully illustrated with a wide range of photographs and radiographs
With contributions from a panel of international experts

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Practical Guide to Lameness in Horses 4th Edition

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Practical Guide to Lameness in Horses 4th Edition

By Ted S. Stashak and Cherry Hill

Practical Guide to Lameness in Horses 4th Edition PDF. This is an updated, practical version of Dr. Stashak’s top selling book Adams’ Lameness in Horses, 4th edition. The material is heavily illustrated and provides a hands-on guide to common clinical problems. The authors present important guidelines for decision making and preventive measures. This is a hands-on, authoritative resource that clearly differentiates between important and non-important clinical situations.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Functional Anatomy.

Chapter 2. Conformation and Movement.

Chapter 3. Examination for Lameness.

Chapter 4. Selected Diseases of Bones, Joints, and Related Structures.

Chapter 5. Lameness.

Chapter 6. Shoeing for Soundness.

Chapter 7. Methods of Therapy.

Index.

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Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution 6th Edition

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Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution 6th Edition

By Kenneth Kardong

Vertebrates: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution 6th Edition PDF is designed for an upper-level majors course. Vertebrates features a unique emphasis on function and evolution of vertebrates, complete anatomical detail, and excellent pedagogy. Vertebrate groups are organized phylogenetically, and their systems discussed within such a context. Morphology is foremost, but the author has developed and integrated an understanding of function and evolution into the discussion of anatomy of the various systems.

Table of Contents

Chapter One Introduction

Chapter 2 Origin of Chordates

Chapter 3 The Vertebrate Story

Chapter 4 Biological Design

Chapter 5 Life History

Chapter 6 Integument

Chapter 7 Skeletal System: The Skull

Chapter 8 Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton

Chapter 9 Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton

Chapter 10 The Muscular System

Chapter 11 The Respiratory System

Chapter 12 The Circulatory System

Chapter 13 The Digestive System

Chapter 14 The Urogenital System

Chapter 15 The Endocrine System

Chapter 16 The Nervous System

Chapter 17 Sensory Organs

Chapter 18 Conclusions

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Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner 2nd Edition

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Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner 2nd Edition

By June A. Boon

Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Echocardiography for the Small Animal Practitioner 2nd Edition PDF provides a concise, accessible manual of basic two-dimensional and m-mode echocardiography.

Offers fast access to practical advice on obtaining and evaluating echocardiograms using two-dimensional and m-mode techniques
Provides easy reference to the common features of the most common acquired cardiac diseases
Designed for ease of use, with concise, bulleted text and 165 images
Presents updated generic and normalized reference ranges with a bibliography of breed specific reference articles
Includes access to a website with video clips showing techniques and disease features.

Table of Contents

Preface ix

About the Companion Website xi

1 The Basics 1

2 Knobology for the Echocardiogram: Improving Image Quality 7

3 Two-Dimensional Imaging Planes and Subjective Assessment 24

4 Imaging Planes: Technique in the Dog and Cat 51

5 M-Mode Echocardiography 75

6 Measurement and Assessment of Two-Dimensional and M-Mode Images 83

7 Echocardiographic Features of Common Acquired Heart Diseases 108

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Selenium in Pig Nutrition and Health

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Selenium in Pig Nutrition and Health

By Peter F. Surai

Selenium in Pig Nutrition and Health PDF. Selenium (Se) is an essential dietary trace element participating in the regulation of various physiological functions in humans, farm animals and poultry through its incorporation into a range of selenoproteins. Low Se content in main feed ingredients is a common problem worldwide and dietary Se supplementation is a current practise in pig nutrition. Recent research clearly proved that sodium selenite, used as a feed supplement for the last 45 years, is not an optimal form of Se. However, use of organic selenium in pig diets can help meeting Se requirement and maintain health/high immunocompetence, productive and reproductive performance.

Selenium in Pig Nutrition and Healthbook provides up to date information about the roles of Se in pig nutrition and health. The role of selenium as an essential part of the integrated antioxidant system gets special attention. Organic Se concept in pig nutrition is described in detail with emphasis to selenomethionine as a storage form of Se in the body and to selenocysteine, the active form of selenium within the selenoproteins. Specific Se-deficiency related disorders in pigs are also described, and the importance of Se in growth, development, immunity and reproduction is demonstrated. Molecular mechanisms of protective effects of Se under stressful conditions of commercial pig production are characterised.

This book will be of practical importance to pig producers, to nutritionists and vets as well as for pig/animal scientists, students of agricultural colleges and universities. It will also be of interest for researchers in areas related to ecology, environmental sciences, food sciences, etc.

Table of Contents

Front Matter

Chapter 1: Antioxidant defence systems in animal health

Chapter 2: Function and regulation of porcine selenogenome and selenoproteome

Chapter 3: Selenium in feed: organic selenium concept development

Chapter 4: Selenium deficiency and requirement

Chapter 5: Selenium in sow nutrition

Chapter 6: Selenium in boar nutrition

Chapter 7: Selenium in piglet nutrition

Chapter 8: Selenium and pork meat quality: muscle redox status, selenium, sulphur amino acids and beyond

Chapter 9: Selenium and immunity

Chapter 10: Looking ahead: from the past to the future

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Feline Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Disease

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Feline Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Disease

By Pierre M. Montavon and Sorrel J. Langley-Hobbs

Feline Orthopedic Surgery and Musculoskeletal Disease PDF is the first book dedicated specifically to treating cats with disorders in this specific area. The practice of feline orthopedic surgery and traumatology has developed to a great extent over the last ten years as cat ownership is increasing and this textbook discusses new veterinary diagnostic procedures and surgical techniques that have been developed that veterinarians, residents and students working in the field of internal medicine need to know about.

Covers the basics of feline anesthesia, analgesia, preoperative and postoperative care of the patient, orthopedic instrumentation and implants
Contains detailed sections on investigation and diagnosis of feline orthopedic diseases and injuries, with specific chapters on diseases of the footpads and nails, tumors of the musculoskeletal system, and polytrauma
Surgical techniques of feline orthopedic diseases and injuries are explained step-by-step with many schematic illustrations
Presents both classical treatments using cost-effective implants and new osteosynthesis techniques using modern implants
Over 20 new and original surgical methods are included

Table of Contents

Clinical Approach to the Orthopedic Patient

Musculoskeletal Diseases

Polytrauma

Introduction to Musculoskeletal Injuries

The Surgical Patient

Orthopedic Materials, Instruments, Implants and Techniques

Treatment of Selected Surgical Diseases and Injuries

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Equine Nutrition and Feeding 4th Edition

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Equine Nutrition and Feeding 4th Edition

By David Frape

Equine Nutrition and Feeding 4th Edition PDF. Since the first edition of Equine Nutrition and Feeding was published in 1986, it has become the seminal work on the subject. It covers all the key topics that you need to know for your equine nutrition degree course. This comprehensive and clearly evidenced textbook covers how food is digested and nutrients are used in growing, working and breeding horses. It also explains the scientific basis for calculating nutrient and dietary requirements in an understandable manner, and shows you how to do these calculations. Special attention is also given to grassland and pasture, and to housing and diet-related diseases.

Additional, student-friendly features include:

References to the most up-to-date information, including “Nutrient Requirements of Horses”, from the National Research Council (2007).
Case histories to provide practical examples.
Study questions at the end of each chapter to help you to revise.
A comprehensive glossary of terms and abbreviations.

Changes to this fourth edition:

Evidence base has been expanded, with 646 new research reports and papers being incorporated.
Extensively revised to make navigation easier.
A new section is dedicated to the weaning and growth of the foal.

This book is the essential text for any undergraduate and postgraduate student of equine nutrition, equine veterinary medicine, equine veterinary nursing or agricultural science. It is also used by equine nutritionists and horse owners.

Table of Contents

Foreword.

Introduction to the Fourth Edition.

Acknowledgements.

List of Abbreviations.

1 The Digestive System.

The mouth.

The stomach and small intestine.

The large intestine.

Study questions.

Further reading.

2 Utilization of the Products of Dietary Energy and Protein.

Carbohydrate, fat and protein as sources of energy, and the hormonal regulation of energy.

Energy metabolism.

Dietary protein.

Protein requirements for maintenance.

Amino acids.

Non-protein nitrogen.

Laminitis and energy intake.

Study questions.

Further reading.

3 The Roles of Major Minerals and Trace Elements.

Major minerals.

Trace elements.

Study questions.

Further reading.

4 Vitamin and Water Requirements.

Vitamin requirements.

Water requirements and fluid losses.

Study questions.

Further reading.

5 Ingredients of Horse Feeds.

Roughage.

‘Processed’ feeds.

Functions of hay and use of other bulky feeds.

Compounded nuts.

Coarse mixes.

Cereals.

Other lesser ingredients and by-products.

Fat supplements.

Protein concentrates.

Pre- and pro-biotics.

Dietary vitamin and mineral supplements.

Feed storage.

Natural and contaminant toxicants in feeds.

Feed additives.

Prohibited substances.

Study questions.

Further reading.

6 Estimating Nutrient Requirements.

Relationship of capacity for feed to body weight.

Concentrates and roughages.

Feed energy.

Digestible energy, protein and mineral requirements based on NRC (2007) recommendations.

Ration formulation using the DE and NE systems.

Energy and protein requirements based on INRA feed units.

Energy, protein, mineral and micronutrient feed values as determined by the INRA system.

Simple ration formulation.

Feed type, rate of intake, appetite, frequency and processing.

Shelf-life of feeds, feed contaminants and government regulations.

Study questions.

Further reading.

7 Feeding the Breeding Mare, Foal and Stallion.

The oestrous cycle and fertility.

Gestation.

Parturition.

Lactation.

Weaning procedure.

Feeding the orphan foal.

The stallion.

Study questions.

Further reading.

8 Growth.

Ideal conformation.

Birth weight and early growth.

Later growth and conformational changes.

Effects of dietary composition.

Developmental orthopaedic disease.

Study questions.

Further reading.

9 Feeding for Performance and the Metabolism of Nutrients During Exercise.

Work and energy expenditure.

Energy substrates and their expenditure.

Training methods.

Muscle energy reserves and feeding before exercise.

The endocrine system.

The vascular and respiratory systems.

Results of exercise.

Blood acid–base balance.

Dietary base excess and ‘fixed’ dietary cation–anion balance.

Dietary protein requirements and exercise.

Feeding methods.

Study questions.

Further reading.

10 Grassland and Pasture Management.

Grassland types.

Pasture as an exercise area.

Nutritional productivity of pasture.

Nutrients required for pasture growth and development.

Sward height.

Intensity of stocking with horses and ruminants.

Grazing behaviour.

Supplements on pasture.

Safety of grazing areas.

Water supplies.

Silage and haylage and their safety.

Grassland improvement.

Tropical grassland and forages.

Poisonous plants.

Homeopathy.

Study questions.

Further reading.

11 Pests and Ailments Related to Grazing Area, Diet and Housing.

Arthropod parasites.

Worm infestations.

Protozoan parasites.

Ailments related to diet.

Pasture ailments.

Liver disease.

Chronic weight loss.

The mature sick or geriatric horse.

Muscle ailments.

Housing.

Study questions.

Further reading.

12 Laboratory Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status and Some Dietary Options.

Metabolic tests.

Diets for liver disease.

Diets for kidney disease.

Bone metabolism.

Other tests.

Procedures for determining causes of suspected nutritional problems.

Study questions.

Further reading.

Appendix A Example Calculation of Dietary Composition Required for a 400 kg Mare in the Fourth Month of Lactation.

Appendix B Common Dietary Errors in Studs and Racing Stables.

Appendix C Chemical Composition of Feedstuffs Used for Horses.

Appendix D Estimates of Base Excess of a Diet and of Blood Plasma.

Estimate of BE of a diet from its fixed ion content.

Estimate of BE of blood plasma from its bicarbonate concentration.

Glossary.

References and Further Reading.

Conclusion.

Index.

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Erythrocytes of the Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys

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Erythrocytes of the Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys

By Chester A. Glomski, Alessandra Pica and Jessica F. Greene

Erythrocytes of the Rhesus and Cynomolgus Monkeys PDF addresses the morphologic, quantitative, and generative aspects of the erythrocytes of the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta and the cynomolgus monkey Macaca fascicularis (long-tailed macaque, crab-eating monkey). These two species are the most commonly selected nonhuman primates for basic science and clinical medical investigations.

The hemopoietic cells of man and the rhesus monkey display an intimate homogeneity. Their functional activities are close and at times identical. The cynomolgus monkey was enlisted in biomedical studies at a time when rhesus monkeys were not available in sufficient quantities. It has gained increased use in the Far East and in the Western world. It is, for example, employed in the current development of a vaccine against the deadly Ebola virus.

The authors of the book discuss the erythropoietic profiles of normal and abnormal macaques of both sexes and of all age groups as investigated with contemporary electronic methodologies. They cover the role of stress as it is perceived by the monkey and how it impacts erythrocellular values, and how to train the monkey to be a cooperative, unperturbed subject for hematologic study. Additional topics include the role of medication in deriving normal physiologic erythrocellular data, the development of the precursors of the erythrocyte (normoblasts), the morphologic analysis of the megaloblastic series of abnormal erythroid cells, the analysis of erythropoiesis in bone marrow, the relationship of the simian immunodeficiency virus and erythropoiesis, erythrocyte life span, and parasitic invasion of the red cell.

Table of Contents

Pursuit of the Baseline, Steady State Hemograms of Macaca mulatta and Macaca fascicularis.

Stress and the Erythrogram.

Ketamine: Its Use in Obtaining Erythroid Values of Blood.

Training Rhesus Monkeys to Voluntarily Cooperate in Obtaining Phlebotomies.

Modern Hematology.

Bone Marrow: Erythropoiesis.

Bone Marrow: Erythrogram.

Erythrocyte Life Span.

Blood Volume.

Megaloblasts.

Megaloblastic Anemia.

Erythrocyte-Based Values and Gender Relationships.

Erythrocyte Indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC).

Erythrogram: Variability Associated with Age.

Effects of Fasting on the Erythrogram of Macaca fascicularis.

Erythrogram of Infant Macaca mulatta.

Erythroid Profile of Fetal Macaca fascicularis.

Erythrogram of Infant Macaca fascicularis.

Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV): Its Relationship with Erythropoiesis in Macaca mulatta.

Erythroid Profile of Pregnant Macaca mulatta.

Erythroid Profile of Pregnant Macaca fascicularis.

Erythrocytes and the Menstrual Cycle.

Reticulocytes.

Anemia.

Osmotic Fragility.

ABO Blood Group System.

Table 1: Alphabetical Index of Investigators’ Reports Listed in Table 1.

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Equine Neurology 2nd Edition

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Equine Neurology, 2nd Edition

By Martin Furr and Stephen Reed

Equine Neurology 2nd Edition PDF provides a fully updated new edition of the only equine-specific neurology book, with comprehensive, clinically oriented information.

Offers a complete clinical reference to neurologic conditions in equine patients
Takes a problem-based approach to present a clinically oriented perspective
Presents new chapters on imaging the nervous system, neuronal physiology, sleep disorders, head shaking, differential diagnosis of muscle trembling and weakness, and cervical articular process joint disease
Covers the basic principles of neurology, clinical topics such as the initial exam, differentials, and neuropathology, and specific conditions and disorders
Includes access to a companion website offering video clips demonstrating presenting signs

Table of Contents

Notes on contributors vii Preface ix

About the companion website x

Section 1: Foundations of Clinical Neurology

1 Overview of neuroanatomy 3
Caroline Hahn and Jerry Masty

2 Cerebrospinal fluid and the blood–brain barrier 21
Martin Furr

3 Immunology of the central nervous system 36
Martin Furr

4 Pharmaceutical considerations for treatment of central nervous system disease 46
Véronique A. Lacombe and Martin Furr

5 Fundamental neurophysiology 58
Craig Johnson and Caroline Hahn

Section 2: Clinical Equine Neurology

6 Examination of the nervous system 67
Martin Furr and Stephen Reed

7 Differential diagnosis and management of horses with seizures or alterations in consciousness 79
Véronique A. Lacombe and Martin Furr

8 Differential diagnosis of equine spinal ataxia 93
Martin Furr

9 Differential diagnosis and management of cranial nerve abnormalities 99
Robert J. MacKay

10 Sleep and sleep disorders in horses 123
Joseph J. Bertone

11 Headshaking 130
Monica Aleman and Kirstie Pickles

12 Differential diagnosis of urinary incontinence and cauda equina syndrome 139
Melissa Hines

13 Differential diagnosis of muscle tremor and paresis 149
Amy L. Johnson

14 Electrodiagnostic evaluation of the nervous system 157
George M. Strain and Frank Andrews

15 Anesthetic considerations for horses with neurologic disorders 184
Adriana G. Silva

16 The basics of equine neuropathology 191
Fabio Del Piero and John L. Robertson

17 Diagnostic imaging of the equine nervous system 215
Katherine Garrett

Section 3: Specific Disease Syndromes

18 Equine herpesvirus]associated myeloencephalopathy 225
Lutz S. Goehring

19 Mosquito]borne infections affecting the central nervous system 233
Maureen T. Long

20 Contagious neurological diseases 262
Maureen T. Long

21 Bacterial infections of the central nervous system 273
Martin Furr

22 Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis 285
Martin Furr and Daniel K. Howe

23 Parasitic infections of the central nervous system 306
Martin Furr

24 Miscellaneous infections of the central nervous system 314
Martin Furr

25 Disorders associated with clostridial neurotoxins: Botulism and tetanus 319
Martin Furr

26 Neurodegenerative disorders 328
Robert J. MacKay

27 Equine hepatic encephalopathy 343
Tom Divers

28 Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy 349
Amy L. Johnson and Stephen Reed

29 Electrolyte abnormalities and neurologic dysfunction in horses 368
Ramiro E. Toribio

30 Cervical articular process disease fractures and other axial skeletal disorders 386
Richard Hepburn

31 Congenital malformation of the nervous system 401
Martin Furr

32 Central nervous system trauma 406
Yvette S. Nout]Lomas

33 Disorders of the peripheral nervous system 429
Martin Furr

34 Equine neurotoxic agents and conditions 437
Martin Furr

35 Neonatal encephalopathy and related conditions 455
Martin Furr

36 Miscellaneous movement disorders 465
Caroline Hahn

37 Stereotypic and behavior disorders 472
Carissa L. Wickens and Katherine A. Houpt

38 Miscellaneous conditions 484
Martin Furr

Index 000

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