Dermatological Diagnosis In Dogs. An Approach Based on Clinical Patterns
1. General considerations for diagnosis based on clinical patterns
Introduction
Identify and define the dermatological pattern
Collect basic information
Establish the list of possible causes of the pattern
Propose tests in a logical order
2. Defining cutaneous patterns
Introduction
Pathophysiological responses of the epidermis to aggressions of the skin
Hyperkeratosis: alterations in the cornification process
Acanthosis: epidermal hyperplasia
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Atrophy of the epidermis
Alterations in the epidermal fluid equilibrium
Acantholysis
Exocytosis
Pathophysiological responses of the dermis to skin aggressions
Pathophysiological responses of skin appendages
Pathophysiological responses of the adipose tissue
Cutaneous clinical patterns
Focal-multifocal alopecia pattern
Symmetrical alopecia pattern (regional or generalised)
Scaling/crusting and seborrhoeic pattern
Erosive-ulcerative pattern
Vesicular papulopustular pattern
Nodular pattern
Pigmentary alteration pattern
Pruritus
3. Focal or multifocal alopecia
Introduction
Underlying causes of the pattern
Diagnostic procedure
Analysis of the medical history
General examination
Dermatological examination
Diagnostic protocol
4. Symmetrical alopecia (regional or generalised)
Introduction
Factors involved in hair growth and formation
Underlying causes of the pattern
Diagnostic procedure
Analysis of the medical history
General examination
Dermatological examination
Diagnostic protocol
5. Scaling/crusting and seborrhoeic pattern
Introduction
Underlying causes of the pattern
Primary keratinisation alterations
Secondary keratinisation alterations
Diagnostic procedure
Analysis of the medical history
General examination
Dermatological examination
Diagnostic protocol
6. Erosive-ulcerative pattern
Introduction
Underlying causes of the pattern
Diagnostic procedure
Analysis of the medical history
General examination
Dermatological examination
Diagnostic protocol
7. Papulopustular and vesicular pattern
Introduction
Underlying causes of the pattern
Diagnostic procedure
Analysis of the medical history
General examination
Dermatological examination
Diagnostic protocol
8. When the clinical presentation is pruritus
Introduction
Pathophysiology of pruritus
Causes of pruritic signs
Diagnostic procedure
Analysis of the medical history
Characteristics of pruritus
General examination
Dermatological examination
Diagnostic protocol
Treatment
9. References
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