Wildlife Toxicology: Emerging Contaminant and Biodiversity Issues

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Wildlife Toxicology: Emerging Contaminant and Biodiversity Issues

By Ronald J. Kendall, Thomas E. Lacher, George C. Cobb and Stephen Boyd Cox

Updating the extremely successful Wildlife Toxicology and Population Modeling (CRC Press, 1994), Wildlife Toxicology: Emerging Contaminant and Biodiversity Issues brings together a distinguished group of international contributors, who provide a global assessment of a range of environmental stressors, including pesticides, environmental contaminants, and other emerging chemical threats, and their impact on wildlife populations.

Table of Contents

Introduction and Overview.

Environmental Toxicology of Munitions-Related Compounds: Nitroaromatics and Nitramines. Agriculture: Pesticides, Plants, and Biofuels.

Influence of Pesticides and Environmental Contaminants on Emerging Diseases of Wildlife.

Impacts of Contaminants and Pesticides on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Structure and Function.

Impacts of Anthropogenic CO2 and Climate Change on the Biology of Terrestrial and Marine Systems.

Statistical Models in Wildlife Toxicology. Global Perspectives on Wildlife Toxicology: Emerging Issues.

Ecological Risk Assessment and Emerging Issues in Wildlife Toxicology.

Looking Forward: The Global Future of Wildlife Toxicology.

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Equine Reproductive Ultrasonography DVD

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Equine Reproductive Ultrasonography DVD

By The Breeder’s Assistant

The Breeders Assistant is proud to provide this comprehensive instructional DVD.

This 2 hour DVD provides mare owners the practical & technical skills necessary to safely ultrasound their own mares.

It includes over 45 minutes of actual ultrasound scans and labeled ultrasound images to assist you with identification & interpretation of the images you are viewing on the ultrasound screen.

Table of Contents

1. Introduction

2. Scanning Procedures Demonstration

3. Scanning Ovaries and the Non-Pregnant Uterus

4. Scanning Embryos and Twin Embryos

5. Ultrasounding Ovaries, Actual Scans

6. Ultrasounding Uterus, Actual Scans

7. Ultrasounding Embryos, Actual Scans

8. Rectal Tears

9. Selecting an Ultrasound Machine

10. Equipment and Supplies

11. Tranquilizers

12. Ultrasound Records

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Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics

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Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics

By Daniel L. Merrifield and Einar Ringo

Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics PDF. Manipulation of the microbial gut content of farmed fishes and crustaceans can have a marked effect on their general health, growth, and quality. Expertly covering the science behind the use of prebiotics and probiotics this landmark book explains how the correct manipulation of the gut flora of farmed fishes and crustaceans can have a positive effect on their health, growth rates, feed utilization, and general wellbeing.

Aquaculture Nutrition: Gut Health, Probiotics and Prebiotics provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of the gut microbiomes of fish and their importance with respect to host-fish health and performance, providing in-depth, cutting-edge fundamental and applied information.

Written by many of the world’s leading authorities and edited by Dr Daniel Merrifield and Professor Einar Ringø, this important book discusses in detail the common mechanisms for modulating microbiomes, particularly at the gut level (e.g. probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics). The book is a key resource for an understanding of the historical development of these products, their known mechanisms of action and their degree of efficacy as presently demonstrated in the literature.

The fundamental material provided on the gut microbiota itself, and more broad aspects of microbe-live feed interactions, provide essential reading for researchers, academics and students in the areas of aquaculture nutrition, fish veterinary science, microbiology, aquaculture, fish biology and fisheries. Those involved in the development and formulation of aquaculture feeds and those with broader roles within the aquaculture industry will find a huge wealth of commercially-important information within the book’s covers. All libraries in universities and research establishments where biological sciences, nutrition and aquaculture are studied and taught, should have copies of this excellent book on their shelves.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xi

Preface xv

1 The Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish 1
Arun Kumar Ray and Einar Ringo

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Anatomy of GI tract 2

1.3 Stomach and intestinal bulb 3

1.4 Pyloric caeca 5

1.5 Intestine 6

1.6 Endogenous inputs of digestive secreta 9

1.7 Luminal pH 10

1.8 Passage rate and residence time 10

1.9 Acknowledgements 10

2 Immune Defences of Teleost Fish 14
Andrew Foey and Simona Picchietti

2.1 Introduction 14

2.2 Innate immunity 15

2.3 Antigen-specific adaptive immunity 18

2.4 Cytokines drive immune responsiveness 22

2.5 Immune tissues 23

2.6 Mucosal immunity 32

2.7 Common pathogens infecting teleosts: what immune responses are required? 36

2.8 Future considerations 39

2.9 Conclusion 40

3 Gastrointestinal Pathogenesis in Aquatic Animals 53
Jarl Bogwald and Roy Ambli Dalmo

3.1 Introduction 53

3.2 Vibrio spp. 54

3.3 Aeromonas spp. 61

3.4 Yersinia ruckeri 63

3.5 Edwardsiella spp. 63

3.6 Piscirickettsia salmonis 64

3.7 Pseudomonas anguilliseptica 65

3.8 Photobacterium damsela subsp. Piscicida (Pasteurella Piscicida) 65

3.9 Streptococcosis 66

3.10 ‘Candidatus arthromitus’ 66

3.11 Mycobacterium spp. 66

3.12 Conclusion 68

4 The Gut Microbiota of Fish 75
Jaime Romero, Einar Ringo and Daniel L. Merrifield

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 The importance of the microbiota 84

4.3 Composition of the microbiota in early life stages 86

4.4 Factors that influence microbiota composition 88

4.5 Conclusion 93

5 Methodological Approaches Used to Assess Fish Gastrointestinal Communities 101
Zhigang Zhou, Bin Yao, Jaime Romero, Paul Waines, Einar Ringo, Matthew Emery, Mark R. Liles and Daniel L. Merrifield

5.1 Culture-dependent approaches 102

5.2 Molecular techniques 106

5.3 Fluorescence based methods 115

5.4 Electron microscopy 115

5.5 Microbial activity and functionality 117

5.6 Summary 120

5.7 Acknowledgements 120

6 Indigenous Lactic Acid Bacteria in Fish and Crustaceans 128
Daniel L. Merrifield, Jose Luis Balcazar, Carly Daniels, Zhigang Zhou, Oliana Carnevali, Yun-Zhang Sun, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Einar Ringo

6.1 Introduction 129

6.2 Lactic acid bacteria 130

6.3 Salmonidae 130

6.4 Gadidae 141

6.5 Clupeidae 143

6.6 Anarhichadidae 143

6.7 Acipenseridae 143

6.8 Percidae and sciaenidae 144

6.9 Moronidae 145

6.10 Sparidae 145

6.11 Pleuronectiformes 146

6.12 Cyprinidae 146

6.13 Channidae 149

6.14 Siluriformes 150

6.15 Cichlidae 150

6.16 Serranidae 151

6.17 Rachycentridae 151

6.18 Mugilidae 152

6.19 Coastal Fish 152

6.20 Shellfish 153

6.21 Summary 156

7 Probiotics and Prebiotics: Concepts, Definitions and History 169
Helene L. Lauzon, Arkadios Dimitroglou, Daniel L. Merrifield, Einar Ringo and Simon J. Davies

7.1 Introduction 169

7.2 The probiotic concept and history 170

7.3 The prebiotic concept and definition 174

7.4 Synbiotics 180

7.5 Summary 180

8 Probiotic Modulation of the Gut Microbiota of Fish 185
Daniel L. Merrifield and Oliana Carnevali

8.1 Introduction 185

8.2 Bacillus spp. 187

8.3 Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) 192

8.4 Other probionts 206

8.5 Probiotic colonization? 210

8.6 Conclusion and future perspectives 213

8.7 Acknowledgements 214

9 Probiotic Applications in ColdWater Fish Species 223
Helene L. Lauzon, Tania Perez-Sanchez, Daniel L. Merrifield, Einar Ringo and Jose Luis Balcazar

9.1 Introduction 223

9.2 Salmonidae 225

9.3 Gadidae 234

9.4 Pleuronectiformes 240

9.5 Percidae 245

9.6 Conclusion 245

10 Probiotic Applications in Temperate and Warm Water Fish Species 253
Oliana Carnevali, Yun-Zhang Sun, Daniel L. Merrifield, Zhigang Zhou and Simona Picchietti

10.1 Introduction 253

10.2 European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) 255

10.3 Gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) 258

10.4 Probiotic applications in sole spp. 262

10.5 Groupers 266

10.6 Tilapia 269

10.7 Carps 272

10.8 Zebrafish (danio rerio) 275

10.9 Catfishes 277

10.10 General conclusions 279

11 Probiotic Applications in Crustaceans 290
Mathieu Castex, Carly Daniels and Liet Chim

11.1 Introduction 290

11.2 Main microorganisms evaluated and used as probiotics in crustacean aquaculture 293

11.3 Probiotic modes of action 300

11.4 Related benefits in crustacean aquaculture 308

11.5 Conclusion 318

12 Can Probiotics Affect Reproductive Processes of Aquatic Animals? 328
Giorgia Gioacchini, Elisabetta Giorgini, Lisa Vaccari and Oliana Carnevali

12.1 Introduction 328

12.2 The fish reproductive system 329

12.3 Broodstock reproductive dysfunctions 331

12.4 Reproduction and metabolism 332

12.5 The effects of probiotic applications on fish reproduction 333

12.6 Concluding remarks 341

12.7 Acknowledgements 341

References 341

13 Issues with Industrial Probiotic Scale-up 347
Mathieu Castex, Henri Durand and Bernadette Okeke

13.1 Introduction 347

13.2 Scaling-up guidelines 349

13.3 Mode of administration 354

13.4 Probiotic registration 357

14 Prebiotics in Finfish: An Update 360
Einar Ringo, Arkadios Dimitroglou, Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar and Simon J. Davies

14.1 Introduction 360

14.2 Salmonidae 361

14.3 Gadoids 365

14.4 Acipenseridae 365

14.5 Cyprinidae 369

14.6 Siluriformes 376

14.7 Moronidae 378

14.8 Sparidae 380

14.9 Cichlidae 384

14.10 Sciaenidae 384

14.11 Other fish species 387

14.12 Synbiotics 389

14.13 Concluding remarks and further perspectives 393

15 Prebiotic Applications in Shellfish 401
Carly Daniels and Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar

15.1 Introduction 401

15.2 Use of prebiotics in shellfish aquaculture 402

15.3 Prebiotic benefits 409

15.4 Conclusion 414

16 Live Feeds: Microbial Assemblages, Probiotics and Prebiotics 419
Jose Pintado, Miquel Planas and Pavlos Makridis

16.1 Introduction 419

16.2 Bacterial aspects of live feed 421

16.3 Bacterial control of live feed cultures 424

16.4 Enrichment of live feed and microbial implications 425

16.5 Probiotics in live feed production 425

16.6 Bioencapsulation of probiotics in live food and delivery to larvae 430

16.7 Prebiotics and synbiotics in live feed 435

16.8 Conclusions and future perspectives 436

References 437

Index 443

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Aquafeed Formulation

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Aquafeed Formulation

By Sergio Nates

Aquafeed Formulation Book PDF is the only resource that provides summaries with examples and formulation techniques specifically to meet the needs of anyone in the aquaculture industry.

As feed is the largest single cost item in aquaculture production, and formulating aquaculture feed requires many combinations of several ingredients and nutrient requirements, this book takes a clear-and -concise approach, providing essential information on formulation and covering relevant available software, feed nutrients, and additives such as enzymes and phytase and conjugated fatty acids, as well as best industry practices to improve aquafeed production.

Users will find this to be a one-stop resource for anyone interested or involved in, the global aquaculture industry.

Includes the latest software evaluation for calculating protein and amino acid sources, trace minerals, and vitamins for aquaculture diets
Provides essential information on formulation, covering feed nutrients and additives such as enzymes and phytase and conjugated fatty acids
Presents factors affecting nutrient recommendations for aquaculture diets and nutritional effects on aquaculture nutrient excretion and water quality
Covers a broad range of techniques to understand the nutrient recommendations in the NRC guide

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
Introduction
I.1 Introduction
I.2 Feed ingredients
I.3 Nutritional requirements
I.4 Feed ingredient testing
I.5 Feed additives
I.6 Feed formulation
I.7 Feed production and quality
I.8 Best practices in formulation
References
1. Overview of the aquaculture feed industry
Abstract
1 Aquafeed in Asia
2 Aquafeed in the Americas
Acknowledgments
References
2. Feed formulation software
Abstract
2.1 Introduction
2.2 General overview of the formulation process in the feed industry
2.3 LP-based feed formulation
2.4 Essential components of LP-based feed formulation software
2.5 Software options
2.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3. Understanding the nutritional and biological constraints of ingredients to optimize their application in aquaculture feeds
Abstract
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characterizing ingredients
3.3 Chemical composition of oils
3.4 Digestibility, palatability, and utilization value of plant protein meals
3.5 Nutritional value of plant and animal oils to aquaculture species
3.6 Processing effects of ingredients
References
4. Nutrient requirements
Abstract
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Proteins and amino acids
4.3 Lipids and fatty acids
4.4 Carbohydrates
4.5 Nutritional energetics
4.6 Vitamins
4.7 Minerals
References
5. Functional feed additives in aquaculture feeds
Abstract
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Phytogenics
5.3 Organic acids
5.4 Yeast products
5.5 Probiotics
5.6 Enzymes
5.7 Mycotoxin binders
References
6. Optimizing nutritional quality of aquafeeds
Abstract
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Sources of nutrient database
6.3 Nutrient levels and variability in commonly used raw materials
6.4 Impact of heat damage on the amino acid level and their variability
6.5 Proximate nutrients of raw material
6.6 Managing nutrient variation
6.7 Integration of Laboratory Information Management System and formulation
6.8 Summary
References
Index

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Aquatic Animal Nutrition: A Mechanistic Perspective from Individuals to Generations

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Aquatic Animal Nutrition: A Mechanistic Perspective from Individuals to Generations

By Christian E. W. Steinberg

Aquatic Animal Nutrition: A Mechanistic Perspective from Individuals to Generations PDF is a unique cross fertilization of aquatic ecology and aquaculture. It shows how diets structure the digestive tract and its microbiota and, in turn, the microbiota influences life history traits of its host, including behavior. Short-term starvation can have beneficial effects on individuals themselves and succeeding generations which may acquire multiple stress resistances – a mechanism strengthening the persistence of populations. From terrestrial, but not yet from aquatic animals, it is understood that circadian the rhythmicity makes toxins or good food. On the long-term, the dietary basis impacts succeeding generations and can trigger a sympatric speciation by (epi)-genetics.
This volume defines gaps in nutritional research and practice of farmed fishes and invertebrates by referring to knowledge from marine and freshwater biology. It also points out that dietary benefits and deficiencies have effects on several succeeding generations, indicating that well designed diets may have the potential to successfully improve broodstock and breeding effort.

Unique cross fertilization of aquatic ecology and aquaculture
Defines gaps in nutritional research and practice of farmed fishes and invertebrates
Comparative and broad taxonomic coverage of aquatic animals
Comprehensive coverage of mechanisms at three levels

Table of Contents

Introduction – ‘You Are What You Eat’

Diets and Digestive Tracts – ‘Your Food Determines Your Intestine’

The Intestinal Microbiota – ‘Your Eating Feeds a Plethora of Guests’ and ‘This Plethora of Guests Determines Who You Are and How Well You Do’

Dietary Restriction, Starvation, Compensatory Growth – ‘Short-Term Fasting Does Not Kill You: It Can Make You Stronger’

Chrononutrition – ‘The Clock Makes Good Food’

Transgenerational Effects – ‘Your Offspring Will Become What You Eat’

Trophic Diversification and Speciation – ‘Your Eating Fuels Evolution’

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Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants 3rd Edition

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Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants 3rd Edition

By John S. Lucas, Paul C. Southgate and Craig S. Tucker

Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants 3rd Edition PDF covers important aspects of the culture of fish, shellfish, and algae in freshwater and marine environments. Subject areas covered include principles of aquaculture, water quality, environmental impacts of aquaculture, desert aquaculture, reproduction, life cycles and growth, genetics and stock improvement, nutrition and feed production, diseases, vaccination, post-harvest technology, economics and marketing, and future developments of aquaculture. Separate chapters also cover the culture of algae, carps, salmonids, tilapias, catfish, marine and brackish fishes, soft-shelled turtles, barramundi, marine shrimp, mitten crabs, and other decapod crustaceans, bivalves, gastropods, and ornamental species. This edition also provides greater coverage of aquaculture in China, reflecting the country’s importance in the global scene.

Providing core scientific and commercially useful information, and written by 35 eminent international authors, this expanded and fully updated Third Edition of Aquaculture is essential reading for all students and professionals studying and working in aquaculture. Fish farmers, hatchery managers, and those in aquaculture support and supply industries, such as feed manufacturing, will find an abundance of commercially useful information within this important and now established book.

Describes the multitude of developments that have occurred within the aquaculture field over the last 15 years
Includes a major revision of production statistics and trends, discussion of technical developments, and revised and extended coverage provided by broader international authorship
Brings together 35 internationally recognized contributors, including a number of new contributors

Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants, Third Edition is a recommended text for students of the subject and a concise reference for those working in or entering into the industry.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors xiii

Preface to the Third Edition xv

Preface to the Second Edition xvii

Preface to the First Edition xix

Acknowledgments xxi

1 Introduction 1
John S. Lucas

1.1 What is and What isn’t Aquaculture? 1

1.2 Origins of Aquaculture and Agriculture 2

1.3 Aquaculture and Capture Fisheries Production 4

1.4 The Efficiency of Aquaculture for Food Production 7

1.5 Has There Been a ‘Blue’ Revolution? 9

1.6 The Big Producers 10

1.7 China 12

1.8 Issues for Developed Countries 13

1.9 An Allegory 14

1.10 Diversity of Aquaculture 15

1.11 Fishery Stock Enhancement and Restoration 15

1.12 Summary 16

References 17

2 Principles of Aquaculture 19
Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Intensity of Aquaculture 19

2.3 Polyculture 23

2.4 Integrated Agri‐Aquaculture Systems 24

2.5 Static, Open, Semi‐Closed and Recirculating (Closed) Systems 25

2.6 Selecting a New Species for Farming 28

2.7 Developing a New Farm or a New Farmed Species 31

2.8 Case Studies 33

2.9 Summary 38

References 39

3 Aquaculture Systems Design 41
Igor Pirozzi, Paul C. Southgate and John S. Lucas

3.1 Introduction 41

3.2 Site Selection and Development 41

3.3 Aquaculture Systems 43

3.4 Plumbing and Pumps 55

3.5 Hatchery Systems 59

3.6 Summary 61

References 61

4 Water Quality 63
Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Water Quality Variables 63

4.3 Effects of Water Quality on Aquatic Animals 73

4.4 Pond Water‐Quality Management 78

4.5 Effluents 89

4.6 Summary 91

References 92

5 Resource Use and the Environment 93
Claude E. Boyd, Aaron A. McNevin and Craig S. Tucker

5.1 Introduction 93

5.2 An Overview of Resource Use and Environmental Issues 94

5.3 Land Use 97

5.4 Water Use 99

5.5 Energy Use 101

5.6 Feed‐Fish Use 102

5.7 Chemicals 105

5.8 Water Pollution 107

5.9 Best Management Practices 109

5.10 Environmental Advocacy in Aquaculture 111

5.11 Summary 112

References 112

6 Reproduction, Life Cycles and Growth 113
John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate

6.1 Introduction 113

6.2 Reproductive Physiology 113

6.3 Life Cycles 116

6.4 Growth 120

6.5 Summary 124

References 125

7 Genetics 127
Rex Dunham

7.1 Introduction 127

7.2 Basic Genetics 128

7.3 Epigenetics 130

7.4 Domestication and Strain Evaluation 130

7.5 Selection 131

7.6 Inbreeding and Maintenance of Genetic Quality 136

7.7 Crossbreeding and Hybridisation 136

7.8 Chromosomal Techniques 140

7.9 Xenogenesis 146

7.10 Genetic Engineering 146

7.11 Gene Editing 151

7.12 Combining Genetic Enhancement Programs 152

7.13 Genotype‐ environment Interactions 152

7.14 Future Developments 153

7.15 Summary 154

References 154

8 Nutrition and Feeds 157
Lou D’Abramo

8.1 Introduction 157

8.2 Energy Consumption and Partitioning (Bioenergetics) 158

8.3 The Relationship between Growth and Food Consumption 159

8.4 Requirements and Metabolic Functions of Nutrients 160

8.5 Digestion and Assimilation of Food 170

8.6 Formulation, Manufacture and Digestibility of Feeds 171

8.7 Nutrition Management Strategies 178

8.8 Feed Management 180

8.9 Emerging Research Areas 181

8.10 Summary 181

References 182

9 Hatchery and Larval Foods 183
Paul C. Southgate

9.1 Introduction 183

9.2 Foods for Hatchery Culture Systems 183

9.3 Feeding Strategy for Larval Culture 196

9.4 Compound Hatchery Feeds 196

9.5 Development of Microdiets for Fish Larvae 197

9.6 Harvesting Natural Plankton 199

9.7 Pond Fertilisation as a Food Source for Aquaculture 199

9.8 Summary 200

References 201

10 Disease Principles 203
Leigh Owens

10.1 Introduction to Disease 203

10.2 General Principles of Infectious Diseases in Aquaculture 203

10.3 The Philosophy of Disease Control 205

10.4 Generalised Disease Management Techniques 206

10.5 Major Diseases 208

10.6 Summary 216

References 216

11 Pathogens and Parasites 217
Kate S. Hutson and Kenneth D. Cain

11.1 Introduction 217

11.2 Viruses 218

11.3 Bacteria 222

11.4 Fungi 229

11.5 Protozoans 230

11.6 Myxozoans 234

11.7 Platyhelminths 235

11.8 Nematodes 239

11.9 Acanthocephalans 240

11.10 Leeches 240

11.11 Crustaceans 241

11.12 Fishborne Zoonotic Agents and Aquaculture 244

11.13 Aquaponics 245

11.14 Summary 246

References 246

12 Prevention of Disease by Vaccination 249
Andrew Barnes

12.1 Introduction 249

12.2 A Beginner’s Guide to Fish Immunology 250

12.3 Vaccinating Fishes 260

12.4 Types of Vaccine 260

12.5 Routes of Delivery 263

12.6 Adjuvants 266

12.7 Vaccination in Practice 266

12.8 Research and Development Track for Commercial Fish Vaccines 267

12.9 Future Trends: Vaccination in the Age of Genomics 269

12.10 Conclusions 269

12.11 Summary 270

References 270

13 Post‐harvest Technology and Processing 273
Allan Bremner

13.1 Introduction 273

13.2 Basic Characteristics 274

13.3 Safety and Health 274

13.4 Nutritional Aspects 275

13.5 The Balance between Safety and Nutrition 276

13.6 Aquaculture and Fisheries Products 276

13.7 Harvesting 276

13.8 Live Transport 276

13.9 Muscle Structure: Rigor and Texture 278

13.10 Stunning and Post‐Mortem Processing 280

13.11 Effects of Feed on the Product 283

13.12 Specialised Niche Market Products 284

13.13 Flavours and Taints 284

13.14 Texture 285

13.15 Concepts: Quality, Freshness, Shelf Life and Quality Index 285

13.16 Microbiology, Specific Spoilage Organism (SSO) and Other Spoilage Processes 287

13.17 Freezing and Frozen Storage 288

13.18 Packaging 290

13.19 Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Haccp and Risk Assessment 293

13.20 Traceability, Identification and Origin 294

13.21 Canning 295

13.22 Smoking 295

13.23 Summary 296

References 296

14 Economics 299
Clem Tisdell

14.1 Introduction 299

14.2 Profitability from a Business Viewpoint (Farm Models) 300

14.3 Markets and Marketing 302

14.4 Economies of Scale and Similar Factors 306Contents ix

14.5 Allowing for and Coping with Business Risk and Uncertainty 308

14.6 Economic Assessment from a Social Standpoint 310

14.7 Summary 312

References 312

15 Seaweed and Microalgae 313
Seaweed: Nicholas A. Paul and Microalgae: Michael Borowitzka

15.1 General Introduction 313

15.2 Seaweeds 313

15.3 Microalgae 327

15.4 Summary 335

References 336

16 Carps 339
Sena De Silva and Qidong Wang

16.1 Introduction 339

16.2 Biology of the Important Carps in Aquaculture 341

16.3 Artificial Propagation 350

16.4 Nutrition 352

16.5 Culture Practices 353

16.6 Diseases 358

16.7 Genetic Improvement 358

16.8 Culture‐Based Fisheries 359

16.9 Conclusions 360

16.10 Summary 360

References 361

17 Salmonids 363
John Purser

17.1 Introduction 363

17.2 Biology 364

17.3 Freshwater Farming 367

17.4 Marine Farming 376

17.5 Feeds 381

17.6 Grading and Stocking Densities 383

17.7 Maturation, Sex Reversal and Triploidy 384

17.8 Fish Health 386

17.9 Harvesting and Products 387

17.10 Environmental Issues 387

17.11 Summary 388

References 388

18 Tilapias 391
Victor Suresh and Ram C. Bhujel

18.1 Introduction 391

18.2 Family, Species and Genetic Variation 393

18.3 Ecology and Distribution 395

18.4 Sex Determination and Reproduction 396

18.5 Control of Reproduction 397

18.6 Seed Production 399

18.7 Nutrition, Feeds and Feeding 401

18.8 Grow‐ Out Systems 405

18.9 Disease Management 410

18.10 Harvest, Processing and Marketing 412

18.11 Summary 413

References 414

19 Catfishes 415
Craig S. Tucker, Aaron A. McNevin, Les Torrans and Brian Bosworth

19.1 Introduction 415

19.2 Pangasiid Catfishes 415

19.3 Ictalurid Catfishes 421

19.4 Clariid Catfishes 431

19.5 Summary 433

References 434

20 Marine Finfish Aquaculture 437
Wade O. Watanabe, Md Shah Alam, Patrick M. Carroll, Harry V. Daniels and Jeffrey M. Hinshaw

20.1 Introduction 437

20.2 Importance of Marine Fish Aquaculture 437

20.3 Hatcheries 440

20.4 Grow‐ out Systems 444

20.5 Nutrition and Feeds 448

20.6 Marine Fishes in Aquaculture 449

20.7 Milkfish 449

20.8 European Seabass 454

20.9 Gilthead Sea Bream 456

20.10 Yellowtail Amberjack 459

20.11 Red Sea Bream 462

20.12 Cobia 465

20.13 Flatfishes 468

20.14 Sturgeon 477

20.15 Summary 481

References 482

21 Soft‐shelled Turtles 483
Qingjun Shao and John S. Lucas

21.1 Introduction 483

21.2 Biology 483

21.3 Aquaculture Development 485

21.4 Culture Facilities 486

21.5 Culture Stages 488

21.6 Water Quality 490

21.7 Nutrition, Feeding and Feed Formulation 491

21.8 Infectious Diseases 493

21.9 Harvesting and Processing 494

21.10 The Future of Soft‐Shelled Turtle Farming 495

21.11 Summary 496

References 496

22 Shrimps 499
Darryl Jory

22.1 Introduction 499

22.2 Cultured Species 502

22.3 Grow‐Out Systems 503

22.4 Preparation of Ponds 506

22.5 Reproduction and Maturation 508

22.6 Hatchery Design and Larval Culture 510

22.7 Seedstock Quality and Stocking 512

22.8 Production Management and Harvest 513

22.9 Nutrition, Formulated Diets and Feed Management 518

22.10 Emerging Production Technologies and Issues 521

22.11 Responsible Shrimp Farming and the Challenge of Sustainability 524

22.12 Summary 524

References 525

23 Freshwater Decapod Crustaceans 527
Chaoshu Zeng, John S. Lucas and Paul C. Southgate

23.1 Introduction 527

23.2 Farmed Species 529

23.3 The Chinese Mitten Crab 530

23.4 Freshwater Crayfish 536

23.5 Freshwater Prawns 543

23.6 Summary 547

References 548

24 Bivalve Molluscs 549
John S. Lucas

24.1 Introduction 549

24.2 Aspects of Biology 550

24.3 Farmed Bivalves 552

24.4 Phases of Bivalve Aquaculture 555

24.5 Farming Problems 560

24.6 Introductions and Other Environmental Issues 564

24.7 Industry Reviews 565

24.8 The Future of Bivalve Aquaculture 570

24.9 Summary 570

References 571

25 Abalone 573
Peter Cook

25.1 Introduction 573

25.2 Production from Fisheries and Farms 573

25.3 Biology 576

25.4 Culture Techniques 577

25.5 Postlarvae and Juveniles 580

25.6 Grow‐Out Systems 580

25.7 Diseases and Parasites 583

25.8 The World Abalone Market 584

25.9 Summary 584

References 585

26 Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 587
Thane A. Militz

26.1 Introduction 587

26.2 The Aquarium Industry 587

26.3 The Need for Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 589

26.4 Aquaculture of Tropical Freshwater Organisms 593

26.5 Aquaculture of Tropical Marine Organisms 601

26.6 Sustainable Development 612

26.7 The Future of Aquaculture in the Aquarium Industry 614

26.8 Summary 614

References 615

27 The Future of Aquaculture 617
John Hargreaves, Randall Brummett and Craig S. Tucker

27.1 Introduction 617

27.2 Drivers of Future Demand and Supply 619

27.3 Responding to the Challenges of the Future 625

27.4 Summary 635

References 636

Index 637

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Are We Pushing Animals to Their Biological Limits? Welfare and Ethical Implications

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Are We Pushing Animals to Their Biological Limits? Welfare and Ethical Implications

By Temple Grandin and Martin Whiting

Are We Pushing Animals to Their Biological Limits? Welfare and Ethical Implications Book PDF. Stimulating and thought-provoking, this important new text looks at the welfare problems and philosophical and ethical issues that are caused by changes made to an animal’s telos, behaviour and physiology, both positive and negative, to make them more productive or adapted for human uses.

These changes may involve selective breeding for production, appearance traits, or competitive advantage in sport, transgenic animals or the use of pharmaceuticals or hormones to enhance production or performance. Changes may impose duties to care for these animals further and more intensely, or they may make the animal more robust.

The book considers a wide range of animals, including farm animals, companion animals and laboratory animals. It reviews the ethics and welfare issues of animals that have been adapted for sport, as companions, in work, as ornaments, food sources, guarding and a whole host of other human functions. This important new book sparks debate and is essential reading for all those involved in animal welfare and ethics, including veterinarians, animal scientists, animal welfare scientists and ethologists.

Table of Contents

1: Introduction: Use New Genetic Technologies and Animal Breeding Methods Carefully to Avoid Problems

2: Domestication to Dolly and Beyond: A Brief History of Animal Modification

3: Good for Whom? Differences between Human and Animal Enhancement

4: Working Equids: The Welfare of Those Worked to Their Limit

5: Genetics and Other Technologies for Increasing the Productivity of Cattle, Sheep and Pigs: Welfare Implications

6: Technologies for Increasing the Productivity of Poultry: Welfare Implications

7: Selective Breeding, Cloning and Gene Editing of Dogs and Cats for Appearance and Performance Traits

8: Methods to Increase Fish Production: Welfare and Sustainability Implications

9: Welfare Concerns in Genetically Modified Laboratory Mice and Rats

10: Cloning, Editing and GMOs for Animal Enhancement

11: From Bionic Cat to Superdog: Ethical Challenges of Advanced Prosthetic Technology in Veterinary Medicine

12: Animal Welfare and the Brave New World of Modifying Animals

13: A Duty to the Enhanced, not a Duty to Enhance: Welfare Responsibilities Associated with Domestication

14: Pressing Animals Beyond Their Biological Limits

15: Concluding: Animals Pushed to Their Limits

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Dictionary of Veterinary Nursing, 4th Edition

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Dictionary of Veterinary Nursing, 4th Edition

By Denis Lane, Sue Guthrie and Sian Griffith

Dictionary of Veterinary Nursing, 4th Edition is a must-have, highly practical source of information for student and qualified veterinary nurses and for anyone working in animal care.

Covering all companion animals, equine, poultry and exotic patients this is the only dictionary written specifically for veterinary nurses that covers all aspects of the veterinary nursing curriculum. This new edition has been thoroughly updated and expanded to ensure all the information you require can be easily accessed.

Presents over 5000 concise but detailed definitions.
27 useful appendices provide a quick reference source for frequently needed data.
Line diagrams aid learning and understanding.

Table of Contents

Preface
A
Aa – Ab
Ac – Ad
Ae – Af
Ag – Ah
Ai – Aj
Ak – Al
Am – An
Ao – Ap
Aq – Ar
As – At
Au – Av
Aw – Ax
Ay – Az
B
Ba – Be
Bi – Bk
Bl – Bn
Bo – Br
Br – Bs
Bu – Bz
C
Ca – Cb
Cd – Ce
Ch – Ci
Cj – Ck
Cl – Cn
Co – Cp
Cr – Cs
Ct – Cu
Cv -Cz
D
Da – Dc
Dd – De
Di – Dj
Dm – Dn
Do – Dr
Du – Dv
Dw – Dz
E
Ea – Eb
Ec – Ef
Eg – Eh
Ei – Ej
El – Em
En – Eo
Ep – Eq
Er – Es
Et – Eu
Ev -Ex
Ey – Ez
F
F – Fa
Fc – Fe
Fi – Fl
Fn – Fo
Fp – Fr
Fs – Ft
Fu – Fz
G
Ga – Gc
Ge – Gh
Gi – Gj
Gl – Gm
Gn – Go
Gr – Gs
Gu – Gz
H
Ha – Hc
Hd – He
Hg – Hi
Ho – Hs
Hu – Hz
I
Ia – Ic
Id – Ig
Ii – Il
Im – In
Io – Ip
Ir – Is
It – Iu
Iv – Iz
J
Ja – Je
Ji – Jo
Ju – Jz
K
Ka – Ke
Ki – Kl
Kn – Ko
Kr – Ky
L
La – Ld
Le – Lh
Li – Lo
Lu – Lw
Lw – Lz
M
Ma – Mc
Me – Mi
Mm – Mo
Mr -Mu
My – Mz
N
Na – Ne
Nf – Ni
Nm – No
Np – Nr
Nu – Nv
Ny – Nz
O
Ob – Oc
Od – Oe
Of – Oi
Ol – Om
On – Oo
Op – Or
Os – Ot
Ou – Ov
Ow – Oz
P
Pa – Pc
Pd – Pe
Ph – Pi
Pk – Pl
Pn – Po
Pp – Pr
Ps – Pt
Pu – Py
Q
Qa – Qi
Qr – Qu
Qw – Qz
R
Ra – Re
Rh – Ri
Rn – Ro
Rp – Rq
Rt – Ru
S
Sa – Sc
Se – Sg
Sh – Si
Sk – Sl
Sm – Sn
So – Sp
Sr – St
Su – Sv
Sw – Sz
T
Ta – Tc
Te – Th
Ti – Tl
Tm – To
Tp – Tr
Ts – Tt
Tu – Tw
Ty – Tz
U
Ub – Ul
Um – Un
Up – Ur
Ut – Uz
V
Va – Vd
Ve – Vi
Vm – Vn
Vo – Vz
W
Wa – Wb
We – Wh
Wi – Wo
Wr – Wz
X
Xa – Xc
Xe – Xi
Xl – Xr
Xr – Xz
Y
Y – Yo
Z
Za – Zi
Zo – Zp
Zy – Zz
Appendices
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
Appendix 4
Appendix 5
Appendix 6
Appendix 7
Appendix 8
Appendix 9
Appendix 10
Appendix 11
Appendix 12
Appendix 13
Appendix 14
Appendix 15
Appendix 16
Appendix 17
Appendix 18
Appendix 19
Appendix 20
Appendix 21
Appendix 22
Appendix 23
Appendix 24
Appendix 25
Appendix 26
Appendix 27

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Natural Mycotoxin Contamination in Humans and Animals

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Natural Mycotoxin Contamination in Humans and Animals

This book presents a review of the existing literature on natural mycotoxins to create a comprehensive reference for mycotoxin levels. Each entry includes contamination, concentration rate, mostly mean mycotoxin concentration of organs (human and animal) and country of origin of the sample.

Due to the serious spoilage and health issues the presence of mycotoxins can cause, it is imperative that corresponding scientists, health institutions and the food and feed industries have a more qualified understanding of mycotoxins in living things. To this end, Natural Mycotoxin Contamination in Humans and Animals provides an excellent resource.

The present book complements the series of the author’s previous books, Mycotoxins in Feedstuffs and Mycotoxins in Foodstuffs, in that it is a review of the literature to create a comprehensive reference for mycotoxin levels. As with Mycotoxins and their Metabolites in Humans and Animals, the focus remains the same, but the scope now covers natural mycotoxins only.

Comprehensive reference of natural mycotoxin levels in humans and animals
Easy-to-use database of mycotoxins
Each entry is comprehensive

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Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Domestic Animals

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Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Domestic Animals

By Katia Denise Saraiva Bresciani and Alvimar José da Costa

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Humans and Domestic Animals PDF presents information about Toxoplasma gondii and its infection in neonates and different animals (cats, cattle, dogs, goats, pigs and sheep). Readers will have quick access to the pathophysiology, diagnosis, reproductive disorders (such as abortion, neonatal mortality and prematurity) and treatment of both human and veterinary toxoplasmosis. In addition, important aspects for control programs of congenital toxoplasmosis and for maternal and neonatal screening in such control programs are discussed. Thus readers will be better equipped to conduct prevention programmes and routine diagnosis of zoonotic infections related to T. gondii. This handbook is of interest to epidemiologists, doctors, veterinarians and public health specialists.

Table of Contents

Foreword

Preface

Dedication

Summary

List of Contributors

Toxoplasma gondii

Human Congenital Toxoplasmosis

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Dogs

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Cats

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Ewes

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Pigs

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Goats

Congenital Toxoplasmosis in Cattle

Subject Index

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