1 Introduction to Biological Concepts and
Research 1
Unit One Molecules and Cells
2 Life, Chemistry, and Water 22
3 Biological Molecules: The Carbon Compounds
of Life 42
4 Energy, Enzymes, and Biological Reactions 71
5 The Cell: An Overview 90
6 Membranes and Transport 119
7 Cell Communication 141
8 Harvesting Chemical Energy: Cellular
Respiration 161
9 Photosynthesis 182
10 Cell Division and Mitosis 205
Unit Two Genetics
11 Meiosis: The Cellular Basis of Sexual
Reproduction 225
12 Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance 239
13 Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics 261
14 DNA Structure, Replication, and Organization 286
15 From DNA to Protein 310
16 Regulation of Gene Expression 339
17 Bacterial and Viral Genetics 369
18 DNA Technologies: Analyzing and Modifying
Genes 391
19 Genomes and Proteomes 416
Unit Three Evolutionary Biology
20 Development of Evolutionary Thought 439
21 Microevolution: Genetic Changes within
Populations 456
22 Speciation 480
23 Paleobiology and Macroevolution 499
24 Systematics and Phylogenetics: Revealing
the Tree of Life 528
Unit Four Biodiversity
25 The Origin of Life 553
26 Prokaryotes: Bacteria and Archaea 567
27 Protists 587
28 Seedless Plants 611
29 Seed Plants 630
30 Fungi 649
31 Animal Phylogeny, Acoelomates, and
Protostomes 670
32 Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest
Relatives 706
Unit Five Plant Structure and Function
33 The Plant Body 748
34 Transport in Plants 774
35 Plant Nutrition 793
36 Reproduction and Development in Flowering
Plants 811
37 Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment 838
Unit Six Animal Structure and Function
38 Introduction to Animal Organization and
Physiology 867
39 Information Flow and the Neuron 883
40 Nervous Systems 903
41 Sensory Systems 921
42 The Endocrine System 943
43 Muscles, Bones, and Body Movements 966
44 The Circulatory System 981
45 Defenses against Disease 1002
46 Gas Exchange: The Respiratory System 1024
47 Animal Nutrition 1043
48 Regulating the Internal Environment 1069
49 Animal Reproduction 1096
50 Animal Development 1118
Unit Seven Ecology and Behavior
51 Ecology and the Biosphere 1145
52 Population Ecology 1172
53 Population Interactions and Community Ecology 1199
54 Ecosystems 1229
55 Biodiversity and Conservation Biology 1254
56 Animal Behavior 1278
Appendix A: Answers A-1
Appendix B: Classification System A-36
Glossary G-1
Index I-1