Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 10

Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 10

By Eric Miller, Nadine Lamberski and Paul Calle

Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine Current Therapy, Volume 10 PDF. Get the latest advances in zoo and wild animal medicine in one invaluable reference! Written by internationally recognized experts, Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, Volume 10 provides a practical guide to the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals. For each animal, coverage includes topics such as biology, anatomy and special physiology, reproduction, restraint and handling, housing requirements, nutrition and feeding, surgery and anesthesia, diagnostics, and treatment protocols. New topics in this edition include holistic treatments, antibiotic resistance in aquariums, non-invasive imaging for amphibians, emerging reptile viruses, and African ground hornbill medicine, in addition to giant anteater medicine, Brucella in marine animals, and rhinoceros birth parameters. With coverage of many subjects where information has not been readily available, Fowler’s is a resource you don’t want to be without.

  • Fowler’s Current Therapy format ensures that each volume in the series covers all-new topics with timely information on current topics of interest in the field.
  • Focused coverage offers just the right amount of depth — often fewer than 10 pages in a chapter — which makes the material easier to access and easier to understand.
  • General taxon-based format covers all terrestrial vertebrate taxa plus selected topics on aquatic and invertebrate taxa.
  • Updated information from the Zoological Information Management System (ZIMS) includes records from their growing database for 2.3 million animals (374,000 living) and 23,000 taxa, which can serve as a basis for new research.
  • Expert, global contributors include authors from the U.S. and 25 other countries, each representing trends in their part of the world, and each focusing on the latest research and clinical management of captive and free-ranging wild animals.
Table of Contents

Cover Image

Title Page

Copyright

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

Section 1 Veterinary Professional Activities

Chapter 1 Leadership in a Time of Crisis

Abstract

Preparing Yourself to Lead Through a Crisis

Principles of Leadership During a Crisis

Prospects After a Crisis

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2 Promoting Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Zoo and Wildlife Veterinary Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Understanding the Lack of Diversity in Veterinary Medicine

Hurdles to Veterinary Diversity

Removing Hurdles and Investing in Potential Within Organizations

Tangible and Actionable Steps That an Individual Veterinarian May Take

Conclusion

References

Chapter 3 Building Partnerships Between Regional Veterinary and Zoo Associations

Abstract

Introduction

Introducing the Two Organizations

History of the Collaboration

Ingredients of Success

Where Now?—Looking Forward

Conclusions

References

Chapter 4 AAZV Wild Animal Health Fund

Abstract

A Little History About Zoo Animal Medicine

The Birth of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians

The Beginning of Funding Zoo and Wildlife Research

The Founding of the Wild Animal Health Fund

Research Grant Committee

The Future

References

Chapter 5 Latin American Zoo Veterinarian Associations

Abstract

Introduction: History of Veterinary Associations in the World. Why Is It Important?

ZOO AND WILDLIFE VETERINARY ASSOCIATIONS IN LATIN AMERICA

Instituto Mexicano de Fauna Silvestre y Animales de Compañía (Mexican Institute of Wild and Companion Animals)

Asociación Mexicana de Médicos Veterinarios Especializados en Animales de Zoológico, Exóticos y Silvestres (Mexican Association of Zoo, Exotic Pets, and Wildlife Veterinarians)

ABRAVAS (Associação Brasileira de Veterinários de Animais Selvagens or Brazilian Association of Wild Animal Veterinarians)

Asociación Latinoamericana de Veterinarios de Fauna Silvestre (Latin American Association of Wildlife Veterinarians)

Latin American Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 6 Training Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians in Southeast Asia

Abstract

Introduction

Internships/Externships

Continuing Professional Development and Lifelong Learning

Conferences/Seminars/Specialization

Conclusion/Future Implications

References

Chapter 7 Harnessing Standardized Data and Analytics to Advance Zoological Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Husbandry Resources in Zoological Information Management System

Medical Resources in Zoological Information Management System

Conclusion

References

Section 2 Conservation

Chapter 8 Wildlife Regulations that Affect Veterinarians in the United States

Abstract

The North American Model

Wildlife Conservation Oversight

Animal Welfare and Research

Use of Pharmaceuticals in Wildlife

Conclusions

References

Chapter 9 Management of Diseases in Free-ranging Wildlife Populations

Abstract

Introduction

Why Manage Diseases in Wild Populations?

North American Wildlife Management Model

Management Techniques and Prevention and Control Intervention Points

Manipulation of the Environment

Manipulation of the Host

Immunization of the Host

Manipulation of the Agent or Vector

Modification of Human Behavior

New Directions

References

Chapter 10 Remote Management of Veterinary Field Programs

Abstract

Importance of Field Conservation Programs Supported by Zoological Institutions

How Veterinary Involvement in Field Programs Can Provide Value

How to Determine Appropriate Veterinary Involvement in Field Programs

Challenges Frequently Encountered With Conservation Programs

Practical Tips for Successful Veterinary Involvement in Field Programs

Opportunities and Benefits of Veterinary Involvement in Field Programs

References

Chapter 11 Gorilla Doctors: A One Health/Conservation Medicine Success Story

Abstract

Introduction and History

Gorilla Health Care

One Health/Conservation Medicine

Conclusion and Future Work

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

Chapter 12 Rabies Control in the Developing World—The Ethiopia Model and How it Affects Wildlife

Abstract

Introduction to Ethiopia and Zoonotic Disease Context

Rabies Burden in the World—The Global Perspective

Epidemiology of Rabies in Ethiopian Wildlife

Control of Rabies in Ethiopian Wildlife

Rabies in Domestic Animals

A Global One Health Effort

Conclusion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

Section 3 One Health

Chapter 13 Zoos as One Health Education Centers for Students in the Human Health Professions

Abstract

Introduction

One Health Training Programs at Zoological Institutions

Conclusions

References

Chapter 14 A One Health Initiative in Borneo Saving Orangutans, Transforming Community Health and Promoting Sustainable Livelihoods

Abstract

A One Health Proof of Concept

References

Chapter 15 Auckland Zoo: Applying One Health in New Zealand

Abstract

Introduction

Education and Being Ambassadors

Providing Health Care for Zoo and Wildlife to Ensure Sustainability of Biodiversity

Conducting Studies on Diseases of Conservation Concern

Understanding Disease in Zoo Wildlife as Sentinels for Emerging Diseases of Humans and Animals

Surveillance of Disease in Wild Animals at the Interface of Wildlife, Domestic Animals, and Humans

Contributing to the Field of Comparative Medicine and the Discovery of All Life Forms

References

Chapter 16 Infectious Diseases and Primate Trafficking in Peruvian Wet Markets

Abstract

Primate Trafficking

The Dilemma of Primate Confiscations

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 17 SARS-CoV-2 and the Trade in Wildlife for Human Consumption

Abstract

Background

SARS-CoV-2 a Zoonotic-Origin Pathogen

The Wildlife Trade for Consumption

Policy Options and Trade Bans

Conclusions

References

Chapter 21 SARS-Cov-2 Coronavirus Infection in Wild Animals

Abstract

Hosts Range, Clinical Signs, and Transmission

Transmission Routes and Clinical Signs in Animals

Spillover, Zoonotic Abilities, and Variants

Diagnostic

Indirect

Treatment

Antimicrobials

Antiviral

Monoclonal Antibody

Prevention

Vaccination

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 19 Antibiotic Resistance in Free-ranging Wildlife

Abstract

Introduction

General Trends of Occurrence of Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria Among Wildlife

Importance of Antimicrobial-resistant Bacteria in Wildlife to Human Health and Wildlife Conservation

Priority Areas for Future Research and Monitoring

Disclaimer

References

Chapter 20 Tick and Vector-borne Disease Expansion with Climate Change

Abstract

Vector-borne Disease Emergence

Effects of Climate Change on Vector Ecology

Avian Malaria and Culex quinquefasciatus

Babesiosis in Canadian Cervids

Tsetse-transmitted Trypanosomiasis in African Wildlife

Zoos as Sentinels for Emerging Vector-Borne Diseases in a Changing Climate

Conclusions

References

Chapter 21 Impacts from Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals on Wildlife Health—A One Health Challenge

Abstract

Introduction and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals as Another One Health Issue

Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the Environment

Human Impacts

Nonhuman Animal Impacts

Conclusions

References

Section 4 Infectious, Parasitic, and Emerging Diseases

Chapter 22 Update on Avian Influenza Virus

Abstract

Introduction

Recent Outbreaks of Avian Influenza in Wildlife

Recent Outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in Zoos

Routes of Transmission

Conclusions

References

Chapter 23 Update on Viruses in Bats

Abstract

Introduction

Emerging Viral Zoonoses Carried by Bats

Henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra Virus)

Filoviruses (Ebola and Marburg Virus)

Discussion

References

Chapter 24 Canine Distemper in Noncarnivore Species

Abstract

Introduction

Primates

Xenarthra

Pholidota

Rodentia

Tayassuidae

Proboscidea

Conclusion

References

Chapter 25 Rabbit Hemorrhagic Viral Disease and its Effects on Wildlife

Abstract

Background (Etiology, Origin, and Geographic Spread)

Species Susceptibility and Transmission Dynamics

Clinical Disease Manifestation and Diagnosis

Control and Prevention

Impacts to Wildlife and Ecosystems

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 26 Yellow Fever in South American Primates

Abstract

Introduction

Clinical Aspects

Histopathological Findings

Sample Collection

Diagnostics

Treatment, Prevention, and Control

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 27 Noninvasive Monitoring of Herpes Viruses

Abstract

Herpesviruses

Noninvasive Sampling

Virus Detection

Conclusions

References

Chapter 53 Ecosystem and Multiple Species Effects of Tuberculosis in Kruger National Park

Abstract

Overview of Kruger National Park Ecosystem

History of Bovine Tuberculosis in Kruger National Park

Species Affected by Bovine Tuberculosis

Species-Specific Effects of Tuberculosis in Kruger National Park

Effects of Bovine Tuberculosis in Other Mammals

Effects of Bovine Tuberculosis at Interfaces

References

Chapter 29 Overview of Clostridium perfringens in Zoo Animals

Abstract

Introduction

Microbiology and Pathogenicity

Epidemiology

Clinical Diseases and Lesions in Zoo Animals

Diagnosis

Prophylaxis and Management

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 55 Prevention of Baylisascariasis in Zoo Animals

Abstract

Review of Baylisascariasis

Prevention Strategies

Depopulation of Raccoons

Deworming Raccoons

Exclusion of Raccoons From Collection Animal Areas

Prophylaxis for Collection Animals

Non-Raccoon Species and Baylisascaris

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section 5 Zoo Health Management

Chapter 31 Children’s Zoo Medicine and Management

Abstract

Introduction

Preventive Medicine

New and Emerging Diseases

Animal Drug Use Regulation Considerations

References

Chapter 32 The Zoo Veterinarian’s Role in Striving for Sustainable Populations

Abstract

Introduction

Population Sustainability: A Primer

Looking Forward From Past Practices

Achieving Healthy Mixed-species Populations With Positive Affective States

Reproducing the Natural World

Reproduction and Contraception

Finding Spaces for Sustainable Populations

Bringing It All Together for Healthy and Sustainable Populations

Online Resources:

References

Chapter 33 Exhibit Biodiversity and Animal Health

Abstract

Biodiversity Definition

Assessment of Existing Biodiversity

Measures to Increase Biodiversity

Do Good and Talk About it

Biodiversity and Animal Health Aspects

Veterinary Activities Related to Biodiversity in Zoos

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 25 Air Quality and Zoo Health Management

Abstract

Introduction

Air Quality Parameters—Particulate Matter

Natural Sources of Particulates

Anthropogenic Air Particulate Pollution

Cleaning Techniques: Pressure Washers and Blowers

Irrigation Particulates

Shade Cloth

Indoor and Facility Air Quality Parameters

HVAC Components and Contamination Exposure

Noxious Gases and Air Quality

Species of Increased Concern

Monitoring Particulates

Products Mentioned

References

Chapter 35 Industry Snapshot: Seafood Sustainability in Animal Diets

Abstract

Methodology

Findings

Industry Snapshot

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 36 Browse Selection and Management

Abstract

What Is Browse?

Which Animals Will Receive Browse?

What Browse to Use?

Where to Source Browse?

How Much Browse?

Acknowledgments

References

Section 6 Animal Welfare

Chapter 37 Zoo Animal Welfare in the 21st Century—Contemporary Thinking, Assessment, and Best Practice

Abstract

Introduction

Recognizing Good Animal Welfare

The Five Domains—a Contemporary Model to Assess Welfare

Monitoring and Assessment of Zoo Animal Welfare

Monitoring and Assessment Tools for Zoo Animal Welfare

Quality Assurance and Accreditation Systems for Zoo Welfare

References

Chapter 38 Veterinarians and the Association of Zoos and Aquariums Animal Welfare Guidelines

Abstract

Introduction

The Association of Zoos and Aquariums Accreditation Standards

The “Welfare Considerations” of All Association of Zoos and Aquariums Accreditation Standards

The “Welfare Specific” Standards

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 39 Concepts of Animal Welfare in Natural Habitats and in Zoos: Meaning and Anxiety

Abstract

Introduction

Freedom and Captivity Are Not Opposites

“Freedom of Anxiety” and a “Meaningful Life” Represent No Tradeoff

Providing Meaning

Beyond the Five Freedoms Toward Choices That Matter

The Value of Conserving “The Wild”

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 40 Allostatic Load as a Measure of Animal Stress and Health Risk

Abstract

Introduction

What is Allostatic Load?

Allostatic Load as the Pathway Between Stressor and Disease

Estimating Allostatic Load

How Allostatic Load Advances Animal Physiology

Applying Allostatic Load to Wildlife in Human Care

Conclusion

References

Chapter 41 Stereotypic Behaviors in Managed Care

Abstract

Introduction

Taxonomic Examples of Stereotypic Behaviors

Source of Stereotypic Behaviors in Managed Care

Prevention and Treatment of Stereotypic Behaviors

References

Chapter 42 Welfare in Aquatic Invertebrates

Abstract

Animal Welfare

Welfare Assessments

Welfare Assessment Reviews

Special Topics

Opportunities

References

Chapter 43 Animal Welfare and Birds

Abstract

Introduction

Welfare Oversight in Zoos

Major Factors Influencing Welfare in Zoo-Housed Birds

Enclosures

Social Groupings

Environmental Enrichment

Human-Animal Interaction

Species Selection

Nutrition

Flight Restriction

Health Status

Animal Welfare Assessment in Birds in Zoos

Tools to Aid in the Assessment of Avian Welfare

Future Directions to Improve Avian Welfare in Zoos

Acknowledgment

References

Section 7 Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Chapter 44 Selection of a Portable Computed Tomography Unit

Abstract

Introduction

Differences Between Traditional and Portable Computer Tomography

Considerations When Selecting a Computed Tomography Unit

How to Determine If a Computed Tomography Unit Is a Good Fit for Your Hospital

Institutional Investments

Benefits

Potential to Improve Animal Welfare

References

Chapter 45 Urine as a Monitor of Large Carnivore Health

Abstract

Introduction

Albumin

Amylase

Blood Urea Nitrogen

Glucose

Alkaline Phosphatase

Calcium and Phosphorus

Bilirubin

Potassium

References

Chapter 46 Footcare for Zoo Ungulates (Zoo Hoofstock Trim Program)

Abstract

Introduction

Foot Function and Anatomy

Wild Foot Studies

Preventive Management

Identifying and Correcting Foot Disease

Lameness Diagnosis and Management

Therapeutic Footwear

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 47 Physical Therapy in Zoological Species

Abstract

Purpose of Physical Therapy

Visual Assessment

Physical Assessment

Manual Techniques

Exercise

Modalities

Physical Therapy in Zoological Species

References

Chapter 48 Integrative Medicine in Zoological Species

Abstract

Introduction and Applications for Integrative Medicine

Summary

References

Chapter 49 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Zoo and Wildlife Across Taxa

Abstract

Success of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Team Preparedness

Diagnosis of Cardiopulmonary Arrest

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Algorithm

Patient Monitoring

Length of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Postcardiac Arrest

Taxa Specific Recommendations

Zoo and Wildlife Specific Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Considerations

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 50 Blood Transfusions in Zoological Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Indications

Which Blood Products to Employ and How to Store Them

Compatibility

In Practice

Transfusion Reactions

Alternatives to Allogenic Blood Transfusion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section 8 Anesthesia

Chapter 51 Anesthesia Monitoring—Understanding Supply and Demand

Abstract

Introduction

Monitoring the Respiratory System

Cardiovascular Monitoring

Blood Gas and Lactate Monitoring

Emerging Technology for Supply and Demand Monitoring

Conclusions

References

Chapter 52 Newer Anesthetic Combinations Including Local Anesthesia

Abstract

Butorphanol-Azaperone-Medetomidine Combinations

Nalbuphine-Azaperone-Medetomidine Combinations

Butorphanol-Medetomidine-Midazolam Combinations

Ketamine-Butorphanol-Medetomidine Combinations

Medetomidine and Vatinoxan

Alfaxalone Combinations

Local Anesthesia in Wild Animals

References

Chapter 53 The Selection of Anesthetic Combinations

Abstract

The Selection of Drug Combinations

Interactions Between Drugs

Reducing Side Effects by Using Drugs in Combination

Species Considerations

Patient-Specific Considerations

Procedural Considerations

Safety Considerations

Reversal of Drug Combinations

Drug Availability and Practicality

Conclusion

References

Chapter 54 Capture Mortality and Impacts

Abstract

Introduction

Adverse Events

Mortalities

Necropsy

Long-Term Impacts

Nontarget Species Impacts

Monitoring Programs

Iterative Refinement of Outcomes

Conclusions

References

Section 9 Invertebrates

Chapter 55 Coral Diseases

Abstract

Coral Disease Research

Coral Health Assessment

Main Diseases of Coral

Bacterial and Cyanobacterial Diseases

Fungal Diseases

Diseases Related With Parasites and Protists

Viral Diseases

Diagnostics

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 56 Honey Bees

Abstract

Introduction

Diseases of Honey Bee Brood

Treatment

Preventive Strategies

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Chapter 57 Partula Snail Medicine

Abstract

General Biology

Special Housing Requirements

Feeding

Handling

Euthanasia and Necropsy

Diseases

Future Directions

Conservation Efforts

Acknowledgments

References

Section 10 Aquatics

Chapter 58 Fish Medicine Updates

Abstract

Megalocytivirus

Betanodavirus

Picornaviruses

Tilapia Lake Virus

Erysipelothrix Species

Fusasporis stethaprioni

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 59 Antibiotic Resistance in Public Aquariums

Abstract

Introduction

Resistance Mechanisms

Multidrug Resistance Organisms

Testing

Antimicrobial Stewardship

Public Aquarium Antimicrobial Resistance Cycle

Conclusion

References

Chapter 60 Harmful Algal Blooms

Abstract

Introduction to Harmful Algal Blooms

Causes of Harmful Algal Blooms

Contamination of Dietary Supplements

Specific Toxins Associated With Freshwater Harmful Algal Blooms

Microcystins and Nodularins

Anatoxins

Saxitoxins

Cylindrospermopsin

Debromoaplysiatoxin

Other Environmental Impacts Associated With Harmful Algal Blooms

Treatment of Animals Exposed to Harmful Algal Blooms

Prevention of Animal Exposures to Harmful Algal Blooms

Conclusion

References

Section 11 Amphibians

Chapter 61 Update on Amphibian Chytrid Fungus

Abstract

New Pathogen

Transmission and Reservoirs

Host Factors

Environmental Factors

Diagnosis

Treatment

Disease Prevention and Management

Conclusions

References

Chapter 62 Medical Aspects of Mountain Yellow-Legged Frog Reintroduction

Abstract

Background and Conservation Threats

Life Cycle

Transport and Captive Husbandry

Chytridiomycosis

Conditions Related to Husbandry

Parasites

Cloacal Prolapses

Future Directions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 63 Noninvasive Imaging Techniques in Amphibian Medicine—Access

Abstract

Introduction

Radiography

Ultrasonography and Elastography

Computed Tomography and X-ray Microtomography

Microscopic Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Microscopic Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Full-field Optical Coherence Tomography

Acknowledgment

References

Section 12 Reptiles

Chapter 64 Snake Implants Techniques and Safety

Abstract

Introduction

Transmitter Selection and Presurgical Considerations

Surgical Procedure

Celiotomy

Replacement or Removal of Transmitters

Postoperative Recovery

Snake Radio Transmitter Morbidity and Study Concerns

References

Chapter 65 Emerging Infectious Diseases of Reptiles

Abstract

Introduction

Respiratory Disease in Snakes

Nidovirus Infections in Other Reptiles

Neurological Disease in Snakes

Respiratory Disease in Chelonians

Emerging Mycoses

Conclusions

References

Chapter 66 New Methods of Reptile Health Assessment

Abstract

Introduction and Recent Advances

Modeling Health

Conclusion

References

Chapter 67 Veterinary Management of European Pond Turtle Reintroductions

Abstract

Introduction and History of the Project

Captive Conservation Facilities

Incubation and Hatching

Veterinary Follow-Up

Managing Populations

Released Population

Reintroduction Follow Up

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section 13 Avian

Chapter 68 Causes of Death in Toucans

Abstract

Introduction

Bacterial Diseases

Fungal Diseases

Parasitic Diseases

Viral Diseases

Metabolic Diseases

Other Causes of Death

Immunosuppression

References

Chapter 69 Pelican Health

Abstract

Introduction

Unique Anatomy

Feeding and Nutrition

Housing

Restraint and Handling

Diagnostics

Traumatic Injury

Toxin Exposure

Neoplasia

Bacterial and Fungal Diseases

Viral Diseases

Parasitic Infection

Surgery/Anesthesia

Reproduction

References

Chapter 71 Ground-hornbill Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Handling

Infectious Diseases

Noninfectious Diseases

Diseases Associated With Incubation and Hand Rearing

Reproduction

Diagnostic Imaging

Environmental Contaminants

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 71 Tropical Avian Diseases

Abstract

Introduction

Noninfectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

Conclusion

References

Chapter 72 Avian Hatching Assistance

Abstract

Normal Hatching Process

Assisted Hatching Techniques

Internal Pip/No Progress

External Pip With Dry Membranes

External Pip Away From Air Cell

No Progress After Draw Down

Embryo in Normal Position With No Progress

Embryo in Malposition With No External Pip

References

Chapter 73 Egg Necropsies

Abstract

Fertility and Hatchability

Egg Breakout Procedures

Causes of Mortality

References

Chapter 74 Electrocution of Raptors

Abstract

Introduction

Data Analysis

Clinical Management

Discussion

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

References

Chapter 75 Update on the Status of Vultures and Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Regulations

Abstract

Vulture Declines in South Asia

Vulture Declines in Southeast Asia

Vulture Declines in Africa

The Status of Vultures in Europe

The Status of Vultures in South Asia

Conservation Breeding

Vulture Surveys

Vulture Safe Zones

Research on the Toxicity of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs to Vultures

Advocacy for and Regulation of Veterinary Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs

Surveillance for Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs on Sale and in the Environment

Releases of Vultures

Successes to Date

A Future With Vultures?

References

Chapter 76 Twenty Years of West Nile Virus in North America

Abstract

Background

History and Distribution

Epizootiology and Transmission

Host Susceptibility and Clinical Signs

Pathogenesis and Pathology

Diagnosis

Treatment, Prevention, and Management Implications

Summary

References

Chapter 77 Infectious Diseases of Antarctic Penguins—Current and Future Threats

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Infectious Disease Investigations of Antarctic Penguins

A Paradigm Shift for Identifying Viruses of Antarctic Penguins

Methods of Introduction of Pathogens

Drivers of Infectious Disease

Final Thoughts

References

Chapter 78 Philornis downsi and Related Species in Birds

Abstract

Introduction

Systematics and Distribution of Philornis

Life Cycle and Behavior

Hosts

Impacts of Hematophagous Philornis Species in Natural and Invaded Habitats

Diagnostics

Techniques for Controlling Philornis Species

Short-term measures

Long-term Measures

Ex situ Protection: Captive Rearing/Breeding

Increasing Resilience of Nesting Birds

Acknowledgment

Reference

Chapter 79 Medical Aspects of Translocation of Pink Pigeons to Mauritius

Abstract

Introduction and History of the Pink Pigeon

Considerations for Translocation of Pink Pigeons

Disease Risk Analysis

Step 3: Risk Assessment

Step 4: Risk Management

Proposed Preexport Protocol for Export of EAZA Ex situ Programme Birds to Mauritius

Limitations and Final Considerations

Acknowledgments

References

Section 14 Marine Mammals

Chapter 80 Dugong Medicine

Abstract

Introduction

Clinically Important Anatomy

Captive Husbandry

Rescue, Transport, and Rehabilitation

Restraint, Sedation, Anesthesia, and Euthanasia

Illness and Injury

Hand-Rearing

Clinical Pathology

Reproduction

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 81 Oral Health in Marine Mammals

Abstract

Dentition

Dental Examination—Practicalities

Dental Disease in Odontocetes

Dental Disease in Pinnipeds

Soft Tissue Conditions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 82 Dolphin Nephrolithiasis

Abstract

Introduction

Anatomical Considerations

Prevalence

Risk Factors

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis of Nephrolithiasis

Diagnosing a Stone Obstruction

Treatment Options for Stone Obstruction

Diet Optimization

Management and Prevention

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 83 Marine Brucellosis

Abstract

Introduction

Marine Host

Transmission

Pathology of Brucellosis in Marine Mammals

Molecular Characterization of Marine Brucella

Marine Brucellosis as a Zoonosis

Limitation to Study Stranded Animals With Marine Brucellosis

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 84 What can be Learned from Marine Mammal Strandings?

Abstract

Introduction

Stranded Small Cetaceans

Stranded Large Whales

References

Chapter 85 Large Whale Euthanasia and Necropsy

Abstract

Introduction

Euthanasia

Necropsy

References

Section 15 Ungulates

Chapter 86 Free-Ranging Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) Health: Immobilization, Sample Collection, and Disease Survey

Abstract

The Marsh Deer

Geographic Distribution and Habitat

Mortality Events

Immobilization

Sampling

Postmortem Sampling

Biohazard During Wildlife Mortality Events

Diseases Reported in Wild Marsh Deer

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 87 Prion Disease in Cervid Species

Abstract

Etiology

Epidemiology

Clinical Signs and Disease Course

Diagnosis

Treatment, Control, and Prevention

References

Chapter 88 Parturition in Rhinoceros

Abstract

Fetal Morphometry

Clinical Signs of Parturition

Estrogen Increase and Progesterone Decrease Prior to Parturition

Parturition

Labor Stage II

Labor Stage III

Perinatal Period

Dystocia and Perinatal Complications

References

Chapter 89 White Rhino Diet-Induced Infertility

Abstract

Historical Background

Potential Explanations

Dietary Phytoestrogens

Role of the Microbiome

Considerations for Other Species

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 90 Browsing Rhinoceros and Iron Storage Disease—An Update

Abstract

The Role of Iron and Iron Homeostasis

Iron Overload—Causes, Findings, and Significance

Iron Overload and Oxidative Stress

Iron Overload and Infection

Dietary Iron

Diagnosis of Overload

Treatment of Overload

References

Section 16 Elephants

Chapter 91 Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Update

Abstract

New Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpesvirus Cases in African Elephants

Capacity Building

Therapy

Preparedness

Monitoring Program

Hematology and Serum Biochemistry

Behavioral/Clinical Observations

Prevalence

Serology

Future Directions

Sequencing

References

Chapter 92 Use of Corrective Shoes in Elephants

Abstract

Introduction

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 93 Uroliths in Elephants

Abstract

Introduction

Etiology

Diagnosis

Treatment

Complications and Postoperative Care

Prevention

Conclusion

References

Chapter 94 Artificial Insemination in Elephants

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Hormone Profiles

Semen Collection

Semen Cryopreservation

Artificial Insemination

Pregnancy Monitoring

Birth Management

Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 95 Vital Signs and Parameters in Newborn Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus)

Abstract

References

Section 17 Primates

Chapter 96 Intravenous Anesthesia in Great Apes

Abstract

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 97 Voluntary Medical Procedures in Great Apes

Abstract

Introduction

Risk Assessment

Physical Examination

Diagnostic Sample Collection

Treatments

Radiographs

Abdominal Ultrasound

Pregnancy Diagnosis and Monitoring

Echocardiography

Blood Pressure Measurement

Electrocardiography

Conclusion

References

Chapter 98 Chimpanzee Mortality Review: 25 Years

Abstract

Mortality Classification and Analysis

Mortality Trends by Age Class

Mortality Trends by Etiology

Conclusions

References

Chapter 99 Orangutan Respiratory Disease Syndrome

Abstract

Introduction/Definition

Cystic Fibrosis as the Model

Orangutan Respiratory Disease Syndrome Diagnosis

Orangutan Respiratory Disease Syndrome Clinical Management

ORDS/Chronic/Airway Disease Present

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Section 18 Small Mammals

Chapter 100 Echidna Nutrition

Abstract

Introduction

Natural Diet

Comparative Digestive Physiology

Zoo Diets

Energy

Fat

Protein

Carbohydrate

Minerals

Vitamins

Transfaunation

Body Condition Scoring

Fecal Consistency Scoring

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 101 Macropod Progressive Periodontal Disease (Lumpy Jaw)

Abstract

Introduction

Microbiology

Pathogenesis and Epidemiology

Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 102 Medicine/Triage of Pangolin Confiscations

Abstract

Introduction

Prior to Confiscations

Triage Levels

Commonly Seen Syndromes

Trauma

Gastroenteritis

Starvation

Ocular Abnormalities

Skin Conditions

Generalized Bacterial Infections

Parasitism

Postconfiscation Handling and Treatment

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 103 Medicine of Giant Armadillos (Priodontes maximus)

Abstract

Biology and Conservation

Anatomy

Husbandry

Nutrition

Reproduction

Capture Methods and Physical Restraint

Anesthesia

Surgery

Clinical Pathology

Diseases

Zoonotic Parasites

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 104 Veterinary Management ofEuropean Hedgehogs

Abstract

Taxonomy and Natural History

Unique Anatomy and Its Clinical Relevance

Physical Examination With or Without Anesthesia

Hedgehogs in the Emergency Room

Anesthesia

Noninfectious Diseases

Infectious Diseases

References

Section 19 Carnivores

Chapter 105 Veterinary Medicine in the Rehab of “Dancing” Bears in India

Abstract

Wild Sloth Bear Taxonomy and Distribution

Wildlife SOS and Captive Sloth Bear Population in India

Quarantine Protocol

Restraint and Handling

Chemical Immobilization

Blood Sampling and Parenteral Medication

Nutrition and Veterinary Care

Immunization

Reproductive Parameters

Embryonic Diapause (Delayed Implantation) and Gestation

Common Diseases Affecting Rescued Dancing Sloth Bears

Viral Diseases

Necropsy Lesions and Control

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

Treatment and Control

Rotaviral Enteritis

Bacterial Diseases

Diagnosis and Treatment

Prophylactic/Therapeutic Approach

Leptospirosis

Fungal Disease

Pancreatitis

Chronic Kidney Disease

Urinalysis

Neoplasms

Adenocarcinoma and Bronchioalveolar Carcinoma

Benign Tumors

Parasitic Infestation

Musculoskeletal and other Disorders

Medicine

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 106 Morbidity and Mortality of Asiatic Black Bears (Ursus thibetanus) Associated with Bile Farming

Abstract

Introduction to Bile-Farming Traditions in Southeast Asia and China

Bear Bile Farm Husbandry and Diet

Selected Diagnostics for Hepatobiliary Disease

Selected Diseases of Bile-Farmed Bears

Renal Disease

Cardiovascular Disease

Ocular Disease

Behavioral Abnormalities and Chronic Stress

Dental Disease

Mobility Problems

References

Chapter 107 Using In Situ/Ex Situ Research Collaborations to Support Polar Bear Conservation

Abstract

Introduction

Health

Physiology

Energetics

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 108 Semen Banking of Wild Felids for Zoo Vets

Abstract

Introduction

Urethral Catheterization for Semen Recovery

Semen Cryopreservation

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 109 Advantages and Challenges of Carcass Feeding Strategies of Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Human Care

Abstract

Unique Anatomy

Diseases in Cheetahs, Gastritis

Cheetah Feeding Habits

Diets and Feeding Strategies of Cheetahs Under Human Care

Considerations to Take When Providing Carcass Feeding

Conclusions

References

Chapter 110 Cheetah Liver Disease: A Diagnosis and Treatment Update

Abstract

Introduction

Diagnosis

Imaging

Treatment

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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